Bio-Final Exam Review

12 G1 to S to G2 to M S is the synthesis In anaphase the proteins that connect the sister chromatids non chromosome kineticore elongate the cell cleavage furrow is in animals cell plate in plants (from golgi) bact ...

12 G1 to S to G2 to M S is the synthesis In anaphase the proteins that connect the sister chromatids non chromosome kineticore elongate the cell cleavage furrow is in animals cell plate in plants (from golgi) bacteria undergo binary fission dinoflag – envelope intact diatoms – spindles within cell S + G1 = SS G1 + S = MM G0 phase is inactive to continuing Cyclin controls this cycle growth factor – protein released that gets other cells to divide too metastasis – spread of cancer cells 13 chiasmata – placing where crossing over occurred 14 pleiotropy – multiple effects of one gene epistasis – a gene at one place alters the expression of another gene polygenic inheritance – gradiant of traits norm of reaction – phenotypic range 15 linked genes – tend to be inherited together 1 map unit is 1% recombinants max of 50% nondisjunction – chromosomes don’t separate correctly Types of chromosome problems – duplication, inversion, translocation, deletion genomic imprinting – genes depend on mom or dad origin, caused by methylation 16 dead harmful DNA and alive harmless will kill Semiconservative model is correct Replication of bacterial DNAstarts at 1 point in both directions makes bubbles with replication forks that fuse uses DNA polymerase DNA pol III goes from 5 to 3 of new strand DNA ligase – joins okazaki DNA pol I – replaces RNA primer with DNA helicase – untwists double helix topoisomerase – relieve strain ahead of fork’ single strand binding protein – bind to the unpaired DNA primase – makes the RNA primer DNA moves, not the enzymes mismatch repair – cells use special enzymes to fix incorrect pairs nuclease – cuts out bad part This study source was downloaded by 100000790435732 from CourseHero.com on 10-05-2021 04:44:41 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/478/Bio-FinalExamReview/ This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com telomeres – shitty genes at the end of DNA, telomerase catalyzes and restores 17 transcription – synthesis of RNA Pre-mRNA to mRNA Codons are writtin in the 5 to 3 direction RNA polymerase goes from 5 to 3 (new strand) promoter – starts here terminator –ends here, polyadenylation sequence – cuts off mrna transcription factors – mediate binding, help transcription TATA Box – before the real sequence pre to real mrna 5 cap – and a poly a tail – both facilitate export and help get rid of it RNA splicing – gets rid of introns, spliceosome, snRNP’s recognize splice sites Ribozymes – rna molecules functioning as enzymes translation – synthesis of a polypeptide at ribosomes anticodons, wobble (3rd base pair) Ribosomes (with ribosomal RNA) P to A to E Small subunit finds start codon, gets large Ribosomes go from 5 to 3 on the mrna SRP – signal receptor protein bring ribosomes to ER siRNA an mrRNA – regulate which genes are expressed Mutations – silent , missense (still code but not for anything), nonsense (make a stop codon) 19 histones – DNA packing nucleosome – many histones in a beach histone acetylation – helps code that gene more methylation –deactivates epigenetic inheritance – stuff like methylation that gets inherited transcription factors – distal (enhances and use activators) and proximal mrna degradation- dicers after miRNA Protien degradation- tagged with ubiquitin and then proteasomes degrade them 21 totipotent – dedifferentiate and give rise to a different cell type pluripotent – give rise to many but not all cell types inducers – signal what the other cells should be too egg polarity genes – control axis formation (along with morphogens) segmentation groups – create segments homeotic genes – appendages apoptosis – programmed cell death 22 Linnaeus – taxonomy Lamarck – evolution homology – similarty due to common ancestry 23 This study source was downloaded by 100000790435732 from CourseHero.com on 10-05-2021 04:44:41 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/478/Bio-FinalExamReview/ This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com Hard Wienberg – 2 alleles p and q create p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Condition – large, no gene flow, no mutation, random mating Genetic drift – populations are finite in size (bottleneck and founder) Gene Flow – movement of fertile individuals, reduce differences in populations frequency dependent selection – fitness declines when too common 24 anagenesis – stays 1 cladogenius –becomes 2 allopatric – geographically isolated sympatric – no isolation geographically heterochrony – change in development timing allometric growth – relative rates of growth of different parts of the body paedomorphosis – retain body features of juvenile 25 monophyletic – perfect paraphyletic – not all decendents polyphyletic – not all ancestors shared primitive character – shared beyond a taxa shared derived character – unique to a part orthologous genes – passed in a straight line genes paralogous – gene duplication, more than one copy Archaen – Proterozoic – Paleozoic (first part is Cambrian) – Mesozoic- Cenozoic 29 Charophyceans – algeas and stuff before the bryophytes cellulose, flaggelated sperm, sporopollenin Bryophytes – seta, foot, capsule micropyle – comes down stype and realeases two sperm 31 coenocytic – fungi that lack septa (walls dviding cells – porous) haustoria – special hyphae that penetrate tissue of host mycorrhizae – fungi that help plants plasmogamy to a heterokaryon to a karyogamy Chytrids – zoospores Zygomycetes – zygosp