Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
1. Discuss the plasma membrane addressing both structural and functional aspects.
a. The plasma membrane provides structure for the cell as well as providing a
selectively permeable barrie
...
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
1. Discuss the plasma membrane addressing both structural and functional aspects.
a. The plasma membrane provides structure for the cell as well as providing a
selectively permeable barrier
2. Describe the processes of passive transport, diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, and
osmosis.
a. Passive transport - water and small, electrically uncharged molecules move easily
through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer; occurs naturally
b. Diffusion - movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute
concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration.
c. Hydrostatic pressure - mechanical force of water pushing against cellular
membranes
d. Osmosis - movement of water “down” a concentration gradient—that is, across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of
lower concentration
3. Discuss the electrochemical changes in the plasma membrane that result in an action
potential
a. When a resting cell is stimulated through voltage-regulated channels, the cell
membranes become more permeable to sodium, so a net movement of sodium into the
cell occurs and the membrane potential decreases, or moves forward, from a negative
value (in millivolts) to zero.
b. This decrease is known as depolarization.
c. The depolarized cell is more positively charged, and its polarity is neutralized.
d. To generate an action potential and the resulting depolarization, the threshold
potential must be reached.
i. Generally this occurs when the cell has depolarized by 15 to 20 millivolts.
Chapter 02
1. Differentiate between autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive
inheritance modes.
a. Autosomal dominant – trait is expressed with the presence of the allele; only one
is required
b. Autosomal recessive – trait is expressed only if inherited from both parents; two
recessive alleles must be present
c. X-linked recessive – sex linked inheritance; if inherited by a male the trait or
disease will be expressed because the Y-chromosome doesn’t carry the normal
allele to counter it; women need the allele on both chromosomes for expression
Chapter 03
1. Discuss the importance of alcoholism to the etiology of disease and dysfunction.
a. A large intake of alcohol has enormous effects on nutritional status.
b. Liver and nutritional disorders are the most serious consequences of alcohol
abuse.
c. Major nutritional deficiencies include magnesium, vitamin B6, thiamine, and
phosphorus.
d. Folic acid deficiency is a common problem in chronic alcoholic populations.
e. Ethanol alters folic acid (folate) homeostasis by decreasing intestinal absorption
of folate, increasing liver retention of folate, and increasing the loss of folate
through urinary and fecal excretion
2. Discuss apoptosis, and compare and contrast apoptosis and necrosis
a. Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of
cellular self-digestion.
i. Cells tend to swell with disruption of plasma membrane, cellular
components are enzymatically digested and is caused by irreversible cell
injury.
ii. Breaks down the plasma membrane, organelles and nucleus causing a
leakage of contents.
b. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed cell
death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes.
i. Cells undergoing apoptosis shrink with fragmentation of the nucleus and
the body of the cell fragments into apoptotic bodies to be phagocytized
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