latest CIS 450 falll( 2020/2021)

Document Content and Description Below

Transactions and Concurrency Susan B. Davidson University of Pennsylvania CIS450/550 – Database & Information Systems September 23-28, 2015 Some slide content derived from Ramakrishnan & Gehrke ... 2 From Queries to Updates §  We’ve spent a lot of time talking about querying data §  Yet updates are a really major part of many DBMS applications §  Standard notion for updates is a transaction: §  Sequence of read and write operations on data items that logically functions as one unit of work §  If it succeeds, the effects of all write operations persist (commit); if it fails, no effects persist (abort) §  These guarantees are made despite concurrent activity in the system, and despite failures that may occurOutline §  Transactions and ACID properties: the dangers in concurrent executions (Ch. 16:1-3) §  Two-Phase Locking (Ch. 16:4) §  Transactions and SQL: isolation levels (Ch. 16.6) §  How the database implements isolation levels (Ch. 16:4-5) 3ACID Properties §  Atomicity: either all of the actions of a transaction are executed, or none are. §  Consistency: each transaction executed in isolation keeps the database in a consistent state (this is the responsibility of the user and constraints on the db) §  Isolation: can understand what’s going on by considering each transaction independently. Transactions are isolated from the effects of other, concurrently executing, transactions. §  Durability: updates stay in the DBMS!!! 45 How Things Can Go Wrong §  Suppose we have a table of bank accounts which contains the balance of the account §  An ATM deposit of $50 to account # 1234 would be written as: §  This reads and writes the account’s balance update Accounts set balance = balance + $50 where account#= ‘1234’; What if two account holders make deposits simultaneously from two ATMs?6 Concurrent Deposits This SQL update code is represented as a sequence of read and write operations on “data items” (which for now should be thought of as individual accounts): where X is the data item representing the account with account# 1234. Deposit 1 Deposit 2 read(X.bal) read(X.bal) {X.bal := X.bal + $50} {X.bal:= X.bal + $10} write(X.bal) write(X.bal)7 Isolation Only one “action” (e.g. a read or a write) can actually happen at a time, but we can allow concurrent executions of transactions in which their actions are interleaved. Some concurrent executions are “bad”: Deposit 1 Deposit 2 read(X.bal) read(X.bal) {X.bal := X.bal + $50} {X.bal:= X.bal + $10} write(X.bal) write(X.bal) time BAD! Why allow concurrent executions?8 A “Good” Execution §  The previous execution would have been fine if the accounts were different (i.e. one were X and one were Y), i.e., transactions were independent §  The following execution is a serial execution, and executes one transaction after the other: Deposit 1 Deposit 2 read(X.bal) {X.bal := X.bal + $50} write(X.bal) read(X.bal) {X.bal:= X.bal + $10} write(X.bal) time GOOD!9 Good Executions An execution is “good” if it is serial (transactions are executed atomically and consecutively) or serializable (i.e. equivalent to some serial execution) Equivalent to executing Deposit 1 then 3, or vice versa. Deposit 1 Deposit 3 read(X.bal) read(Y.bal) {X.bal := X.bal + $50} {Y.bal:= Y.bal + $10} write(X.bal) write(Y.bal) Why are serializable executions good?10 Testing for Serializability §  Given a schedule S, we can construct a directed graph G=(V,E) called a precedence graph §  V : all transactions in S §  E : T i → Tj whenever an action of Ti precedes and conflicts with an action of T j in S Ÿ  i.e. they both operate on the same data item and at least one of them writes (RW, WR, WW conflicts) §  A schedule S is conflict serializable if and only if its precedence graph contains no cycles Ÿ  Note that testing for a cycle in a digraph can be done in time O(| V|2)11 An Example T1 T2 T3 R(X,Y,Z) R(X) W(X) R(Y) W(Y) R(Y) R(X) W(Z) T1 T2 T3 Cyclic: Not serializable.12 Atomicity Problems can also occur if a crash occurs in the middle of executing a transaction: Need to guarantee that the write to X does not persist (ABORT) §  Default assumption if a transaction doesn’t commit Transfer read(X.bal) read(Y.bal) {X.bal= X.bal-$100} write(X.bal) Y.bal= Y.bal+$100 write(Y.bal) CRASHOutline §  Transactions and ACID properties: the dangers in concurrent executions (Ch. 16:1-3) §  Two-Phase Locking (Ch. 16:4) §  Transactions and SQL: isolation levels (Ch. 16.6) §  How the database implements isolation levels (Ch. 16:4-5) 1314 Controlling conflicts through Locking §  Recall: two actions by different transactions conflict if §  they operate on the same data item §  at least one is a write §  To avoid conflict §  Each data item is either locked (in some mode, e.g. shared or exclusive) or is available (no lock) §  Before a read, a shared lock must be acquired §  Before a write, an exclusive lock must be acquired §  An action on a data item can only be executed if the transaction holds an appropriate lock15 Lock Compatibility Matrix Locks on a data item are granted based on a lock compatibility matrix: When a transaction requests a lock, it must wait (block) until the lock is granted or may be aborted Mode of Data Item None Shared Exclusive Shared Y Y N Request mode{ Exclusive Y N N16 Locks Prevent “Bad” Execution If the system used locking, the first “bad” execution could have been avoided: Deposit 1 Deposit 2 xlock(X) read(X.bal) {xlock(X) is not granted} {X.bal := X.bal + $50} write(X.bal) release(X) xlock(X) read(X.bal) {X.bal:= X.bal + $10} write(X.bal) release(X)17 But locks are not enough… Deposit 1 Deposit 2 slock(X) read(X.bal) slock(X) read(X.bal) release(X) release(X) {X.bal:= X.bal + $10} {X.bal := X.bal + $50} xlock(X) write(X.bal) release(X) xlock(X) write(X.bal) release(X)18 Well-Formed, Two-Phased Transactions §  A transaction is well-formed if it acquires at least a shared lock on Q before reading Q or an exclusive lock on Q before writing Q and doesn’t release the lock until the action is performed §  Locks are released by the end of the transaction §  Holding locks until the end is called strict locking §  A transaction is two-phased if it never acquires a lock after unlocking one §  i.e., there are two phases: a growing phase in which the transaction acquires locks, and a shrinking phase in which locks are released19 Two-Phased Locking Theorem §  If all transactions are well-formed and two-phase, then any schedule in which conflicting locks are never granted ensures serializability §  i.e., there is a very simple scheduler! §  However, if some transaction is not well-formed or two-phase, then there is some schedule in which conflicting locks are never granted but which fails to be serializable §  i.e., one bad apple spoils the bunchOutline §  Transactions and ACID properties: the dangers in concurrent executions (Ch. 16:1-3) §  Two-Phase Locking (Ch. 16:4) §  Transactions and SQL: isolation levels (Ch. 16.6) §  How the database implements isolation levels (Ch. 16:4-5) 2021 Transactions in SQL §  A transaction begins when any SQL statement that queries the db begins. §  To end a transaction, the user issues a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement. Transfer UPDATE Accounts SET balance = balance - $100 WHERE account#= ‘1234’; UPDATE Accounts SET balance = balance + $100 WHERE account#= ‘5678’; COMMIT;22 Read-Only Transactions §  When a transaction only reads information, we have more freedom to let the transaction execute concurrently with other transactions. §  We signal this to the system by stating: SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY; SELECT * FROM Accounts WHERE account#=‘1234’; ...23 Read-Write Transactions §  If we state “read-only”, then the transaction cannot perform any updates. §  Instead, we must specify that the transaction may update (the default): SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY; UPDATE Accounts SET balance = balance - $100 WHERE account#= ‘1234’; ... SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE; update Accounts set balance = balance - $100 where account#= ‘1234’; ... ILLEGAL!24 WR Conflicts: Dirty Reads §  Dirty data is data written by an uncommitted transaction; a dirty read is a read of dirty data §  Sometimes we can tolerate dirty reads; other times we cannot.25 “Bad” Dirty Read EXEC SQL select balance into :bal from Accounts where account#=‘1234’; if (bal > 100) { EXEC SQL update Accounts set balance = balance - $100 where account#= ‘1234’; EXEC SQL update Accounts set balance = balance + $100 where account#= ‘5678’; } EXEC SQL COMMIT; If the initial read (italics) were dirty, the balance could become negative!26 Acceptable Dirty Read If we are just checking availability of an airline seat, a dirty read might be fine! (Why is that?) Reservation transaction: EXEC SQL select occupied into :occ from Flights where Num= ‘123’ and date=11-03-99 and seat=‘23f’; if (!occ) {EXEC SQL update Flights set occupied=true where Num= ‘123’ and date=11-03-99 and seat=‘23f’;} else {notify user that seat is unavailable}27 Other Undesirable Phenomena §  Unrepeatable read (RW conflict): a transaction reads the same data item twice and gets different values §  The airline seat reservation is an example of where an unrepeatable read could occur. §  Overwriting uncommitted data (WW conflict): one transaction overwrites the value of data that is in the process of being written by another transaction §  The “bad” concurrent deposit was an example of this.28 Phantom Problem Example §  T 1: “find the students with best grades who Take either cis550-f03 or cis570-f02” §  T 2: “insert new entries for student #1234 in the Takes relation, with grade A for cis570-f02 and cis550-f03” §  Suppose that T1 consults all students in the Takes relation and finds the best grades for cis550-f03 §  Then T 2 executes, inserting the new student at the end of the relation, perhaps on a page not seen by T1 §  T 1 then completes, finding the students with best grades for cis570-f02 and now seeing student #123429 Isolation §  The problems we’ve seen are all related to isolation §  General rules of thumb w.r.t. isolation: §  Fully serializable isolation is more expensive than “no isolation” Ÿ  We can’t do as many things concurrently (or we have to undo them frequently) §  For performance, we generally want to specify the most relaxed isolation level that’s acceptable Ÿ  Note that we’re “slightly” violating a correctness constraint to get performance!30 Specifying Acceptable Isolation Levels §  The default isolation level is SERIALIZABLE (as for the transfer example). §  To signal to the system that a dirty read is acceptable, §  In addition, there are SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED; SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED; SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;31 READ COMMITTED §  Forbids the reading of dirty (uncommitted) data, but allows a transaction T to issue the same query several times and get different answers §  No value written by T can be modified until T completes §  For example, the Reservation example could also be READ COMMITTED; the transaction could repeatably poll to see if the seat was available, hoping for a cancellation32 REPEATABLE READ §  What it is NOT: a guarantee that the same query will get the same answer! §  However, if a tuple is retrieved once it will be retrieved again if the query is repeated §  For example, suppose Reservation were modified to retrieve all available seats §  If a tuple were retrieved once, it would be retrieved again (but additional seats may also become available)33 Summary of Isolation Levels Level Dirty Read Unrepeatable Read Phantoms READ UN- Maybe Maybe Maybe COMMITTED READ No Maybe Maybe COMMITTED REPEATABLE No No Maybe READ SERIALIZABLE No No NoOutline §  Transactions and ACID properties: the dangers in concurrent executions (Ch. 16:1-3) §  Two-Phase Locking (Ch. 16:4) §  Transactions and SQL: isolation levels (Ch. 16.6) §  How the database implements isolation levels (Ch. 16:4-5) 3435 Lock Types and Read/Write Modes When we specify “read-only”, the system only uses shared-mode locks §  Any transaction that attempts to update will be illegal When we specify “read-write”, the system may also acquire locks in exclusive mode §  Obviously, we can still query in this mode36 Isolation Levels and Locking READ UNCOMMITTED allows queries in the transaction to read data without acquiring any lock Access mode READ ONLY, no updates are allowed READ COMMITTED requires a read-lock to be obtained for all tuples touched by queries, but it releases the locks immediately after the read Exclusive locks must be obtained for updates and held to end of transaction37 Isolation levels and locking, cont. REPEATABLE READ places shared locks on tuples retrieved by queries, holds them until the end of the transaction Exclusive locks must be obtained for updates and held to end of transaction SERIALIZABLE places shared locks on tuples retrieved by queries as well as the index, holds them until the end of the transaction Exclusive locks must be obtained for updates and held to end of transaction Holding locks to the end of a transaction is called “strict” locking38 Summary §  Transactions are all-or-nothing units of work guaranteed despite concurrency or failures in the system. §  Theoretically, the “correct” execution of transactions is serializable (i.e. equivalent to some serial execution). §  Practically, this may adversely affect throughput ⇒ isolation levels. §  With isolation levels, users can specify the level of “incorrectness” they are willing to tolerate. [Show More]

Last updated: 3 years ago

Preview 1 out of 38 pages