VETT 130 Exam 1 Study Guide

VETT 130 Exam 1 Study Guide which of the following problems may be seen in brachycephalic canines when restrained/stressed - ✔✔difficulty breathing, respiratory arrest, heat stress/heat stroke, eye proptosis semimembr ...

VETT 130 Exam 1 Study Guide which of the following problems may be seen in brachycephalic canines when restrained/stressed - ✔✔difficulty breathing, respiratory arrest, heat stress/heat stroke, eye proptosis semimembranosus/Semitendinosus - ✔✔injecting into this muscle may result in damage to the sciatic nerve what would you use topical medications/preparations - ✔✔therapeutic shampoos for certain conditions, ear infections that affect the skin, some vaccines can be given in the nose vs injected, eye infections which route for injection should be used when the following are used/need? -extremely fast onset of action of medication -large volumes of fluids -drugs that are irritating to the tissue -certain drugs needed in emergency situations - ✔✔IV route why should you avoid putting medications in an animal's food or water - ✔✔some medications taste terrible and once an animal gets a taste of the drug it may be difficult to give oral meds in the future cats may eat around tablet/capsule animal can spit out the meds which of the following parameters should always be monitored during restraint of a patient - ✔✔-gum color/crt -respiratory rate -patient behavior -heart rate/rhythm the form of eye medication that is a liquid that is best placed on the animal's sclera is a/an - ✔✔solution restraint techniques may include - ✔✔cloth muzzles or 2" gauze made into a muzzle, towel, chemical restraint, leash which food group contains the largest number of essential amino acids and are called complete proteins - ✔✔meat products pets that consume warfarin-based rodent poisons can bleed to death without emergency supplementation of __________ - ✔✔vitamin k the energy content of proteins is approximately _____________ - ✔✔3.5kcal energy/gram starches are considered to be ___________ and are found in corn, oats, rice, and other food sources - ✔✔complex carbohydrates cats can live well on a vegetarian diet - ✔✔false the term which describes "nutrients not required in the diet. the animal's body is able to manufacture these nutrients from foods" - ✔✔non-essential nutrients insoluble fiber can be used in dogs and cats for which of the following conditions - ✔✔obese animals-weight loss diet, diabetes which of the following are functions of dietary fat - ✔✔improves palatibility, concentrated source of energy, acts as carriers for vitamins a,d,e,k taurine is available from both animal and plant sources - ✔✔false what are the functions of protein - ✔✔hormone production tissue growth and repair enzymes production antibodies formation energy the organization that develops regulations and investigates microbial and chemical contamination of pet foods, additives, and supplements and which can request/mandate pet food recalls in case of contamination, is the _______________ - ✔✔FDA-CVM on the pet food label, in what order are the ingredients listed - ✔✔ingredients are listed in order by weight, with the heaviest first and the lightest last nutritional requirements for dogs are based on which of the following - ✔✔environmental temp lifestage activity level reproductive status breed/size analysis of a food's performance by feeding protocols involves giving the food to living dogs under specific conditions. therefore, it provides a more biological evaluation of a product than laboratory or computer methods - ✔✔true feeding instructions included on pet food labels should be used as a starting point then adjust the amount based on the animal's body weight and physical exam findings - ✔✔true what organization would you want to contact regarding a commercial pet food complaint or health concern - ✔✔FDA a BARF diet is only fed to dogs and cats and therefore cannot cause a public health issue to humans - ✔✔false if a moderate to large amount of ___________________ is fed to pets, this may result in damage to red blood cells with the identification of Heinz bodies in RBCs on microscopic evaluation of the blood. cats are usually more susceptible to this toxicity but dogs are also at risk - ✔✔onions/garlic which of the following may be used to entic an animal to eat - ✔✔warm the food to room or body temp add water to dry or canned food use of feline facial pheromones in the feeding area of cats hand feeding the ingestion of _______________________ may result in signs of hypoglycemia, vomiting, lethargy, loss of coordination, seizures, and liver failure - ✔✔xylitol when handling/restraint you must always tailor the restraint based on - ✔✔patient's demeanor health status procedure being performed environmental situation cats with HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) are more prone to going into cardiac arrest if stressed at the appointment - ✔✔true define brachycephalic - ✔✔"short-head" list some brachycephalic breeds of dogs and cats - ✔✔dogs; pug, boxer, shih-tzu, bulldog cats; persian, himalayan, burmese list 4 upper airway anatomical abnormalities that often occur in brachycephalic breeds - ✔✔stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea, everted laryngeal saccules what non-respiratory abnormalities may also been seen in brachycephalic breeds - ✔✔eyes, teeth, skin-folds, etc what are some problems that may occur due to these anatomical characteristics - ✔✔hyperthermia, cardiac arrest, infections, etc why are brachycephalic breeds prone to heat stress/heat stroke - ✔✔they pant excessively because their throats are almost closed why would you need to take great care when restraining a brachycephalic patient - ✔✔you don't want them to get over-stressed and complicate their breathing when restraining a patient, what should you check for periodically? why is this important? - ✔✔breathing, color, etc because some breeds can struggle and be stressed why should you not allow the pet's owner to help restrain the animal - ✔✔dogs/cats act differently and can snap randomly who is responsible for any injuries incurred by veterinary personnel and clients during the performance of veterinary procedures - ✔✔the vet practice, lawsuit waiting to happen why does the temperature of the environment matter when restraining an animal - ✔✔some can go into hypo/hyperthermia depending on breed what effects can improper restraint have on patients - ✔✔can cause stress, leading to aggression and pain and harmful situations how should cats be transported to and from the vet clinic - ✔✔carrier what can be used in the carrier to help calm the cat - ✔✔towel from home, treats, feliway, etc what is feliway and what can this be used for - ✔✔spray with pheromones, used to calm a cat what are some things to do if a cat will not come out of a cat carrier - ✔✔take a towel and throw over, dump cat out, take top of carrier off, etc what types and classes of medications are given orally - ✔✔liquids, capsule/tablet, etc why should you avoid putting medications in the animal's food or water - ✔✔if they have a loss of appetite then they won't finish it, some will eat around and not get their meds transdermal medication - ✔✔applied to skin for local effects compounded medications - ✔✔pills or capsules crushed into liquid substance topical medication - ✔✔in the eye, etc dry swallow - ✔✔administration of a pill or capsule to a cat or dog without immediately following up with several milliliters of water six "r"s of drug administration - ✔✔right patient right drug right dose right route right time (frequency) right documentation what are the 2 methods to pill a cat - ✔✔finger method or pill-gun how are drugs eliminated from the body - ✔✔urine (kidney's), feces (GI), exhaled through lungs, sweat, tears, mmilk why should you draw back the plunger of the syringe before you inject the medication: IV route? SQ/IM route? - ✔✔IV--> you want blood to ensure you're in the vein SQ/IM--> you don't want to hit blood vessels or retract air which vein the most accessible and convenient vein to use for IV injections, drawing blood, and for inserting IV catheters? - ✔✔cephalic describe needle gauge. is 18 larger or smaller than 22 - ✔✔smaller the # the larger the needle what size needle and length are normally used to draw blood on a medium to large size dog? cat? - ✔✔dog--- 22 3'4 cat---- 22 or 25 prior to injecting medication IV, what should you do with the syringe? why is this an important step? - ✔✔aspirate to make sure blood comes back, it ensures you're in the vein what are some complications of incorrect venipuncture - ✔✔causing pain/discomfort when performing venipuncture, be sure to start as ____________ on the leg so you can move ____________ the leg. Once you have located your venipuncture site, wipe the area with ____________ alcohol - ✔✔low up 70% isopropyl how long should you apply pressure to a venipuncture site after withdrawing the needle - ✔✔30 seconds know the 3 types of antimicrobial cleansers used to clean the site for IV catheter placement - ✔✔10% iodine, 70% alcohol, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate maintenance of IV catheters (how often flushed, signs to check frequently) - ✔✔flush every 4-6 hours with saline remove bandage every 24 hours to observe replace catheter every 3-5 days replace bandage when soiled or wet what can occur if the tape is placed too tightly when the IV catheter is placed - ✔✔can seclude to then go in SQ or cause mega-paw nutrient - ✔✔substance derived from food that's used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions essential nutrients - ✔✔select group of nutrients that cannot be manufactured in the body from the "building-block" molecules describe and list the macronutrients - ✔✔can be used by the body for energy production, protein, fat, carbs, vitamins, minerals describe and list the micronutrients - ✔✔many functions but dont provide energy name the 6 categories of nutrients in order of amounts needed, starting with the highest first - ✔✔water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals which nutrients provide energy - ✔✔carbs, fats, proteins of the 3 energy-producing nutrients, which one provides about 2.5 times more energy per gram than the other two nutrients - ✔✔fats what is the most important nutrient? what is this needed for? - ✔✔water. to prevent dehydration what percentage of the body is water - ✔✔70%, babies 75-80%. adults 50-60% define the term dehydration. how serious is this - ✔✔decrease in the amount of water present in the body. can cause illness or even death how much water is found in typical dry pet foods? in canned foods? how does the food affect the amount of water consumed each day - ✔✔10% in dry. 75% in canned. they need at least a unit of milliliters per day. food contributes to hydration what are the building blocks for proteins - ✔✔amino acids essential amino acids - ✔✔animal cannot make them fast or at all, they come from the diet what foods have the largest number or essential amino acids - ✔✔meat, eggs, dairy, fish is protein required in the diet, why - ✔✔yes, helps with growth and need to make up for normal losses what food is called a complete protein, why - ✔✔meat contains all essential amino acids why do many pet food contain primarily plant protein - ✔✔it's cheaper why are pet foods a mixture of animal and plant protein sources - ✔✔to complete for all essential amino acids because plant based doesn't carry many what is the difference between proteins whcih have high digestibility and low digestibility - ✔✔high-- aminos can be digested low-- aminos that are excreted what effect does excessively heating food have on proteins - ✔✔can denature proteins what is an essential amino acid required by cats - ✔✔taurine which comes from meat what is the energy content for proteins - ✔✔3.5kcal energy/gram list the 3 major categories for carbs - ✔✔sugar, starch, cellulose