NR 602 Week 5 Quiz Study Guide

NR 602 Week 5 Quiz Study Guide NR 602 Week 5 Quiz Study Guide Menstrual Cycle Disorders Primary dysmenorrhea occurs as a result of the release of prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and produces painful menstruati ...

NR 602 Week 5 Quiz Study Guide NR 602 Week 5 Quiz Study Guide Menstrual Cycle Disorders Primary dysmenorrhea occurs as a result of the release of prostaglandins during ovulatory cycles and produces painful menstruation. The greater the menstrual flow, the greater the pain associated with that menstruation. Ovulatory cycles commonly begin at the age of fifteen or sixteen years and may continue into the late forties or longer. Prostaglandin production is usually significant and is released within the first forty-eight hours of menstruation, when the pain is the greatest. Women who do not ovulate through the use of oral contraceptives do not experience primary dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by structural changes, such as endometriosis, inflammatory disease, or uterine fibroids. Primary amenorrhea is generally defined as the lack of menstruation (menarche) by the age of fourteen years without the development of secondary sexual characteristics. However, it can also be defined as the lack of menarche by the age of sixteen years with or without the development of secondary sex characteristics. Congenital defects are often the cause, including Prader-Willi and Kallman syndromes. Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the lack of menstruation for a period of six months in women who have already experienced menarche (previous menstruation). Secondary amenorrhea is caused by not only dramatic weight loss because of malnutrition or exercise but also extraordinary weight gain. Pregnancy is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2009, 2013). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is another common disorder of menstruation. The most common cause of DUB is anovulation. This results in a wide variety of irregular bleeding patterns in women. Anovulation may occur as a result of stress, age, endocrine disorders, uterine disorders, or pregnancy. Abnormal bleeding patterns include metrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding irregularly between periods), hypermenorrhea (excessive flow), menorrhagia (increased amount and prolonged flow), menorrhea (prolonged flow), and menometrorrhagia (prolonged flow with irregular bleeding and spotting between bleeding episodes). There are many causes of DUB, each with its own signs and symptoms, and the diagnosis is often one of exclusion (ACOG, 2013). This study source was downloaded by 100000825611411 from CourseHero.com on 10-31-2022 10:06:45 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/35715131/NR-602-Week-5-Quiz-Study-Guidedocx/Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
At least 5 PMS-type symptoms severe enough to markedly disrupt normal functioning in most if not all menstrual cycles
Occurs in luteal phase and resolves within 1 week after menses
Must include at least one of these symptoms— markedly depressed mood, marked anxiety, marked affective lability, persistent and marked anger
Prevalence, 3–10% of reproductive age women
Treatment—SSRI/SNRI, combination oral contraceptives containing drospirenone if also desires contraception, other hormonal interventions Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility. Atrophic vaginitis Up to 40 percent of postmenopausal women have symptoms of atrophic vaginitis. Because the condition is attributable to estrogen deficiency, it may occur in pre-menopausal women who take antiestrogenic medications or who have medical or surgical conditions that result in decreased levels of estrogen. The thinned endometrium and increased vaginal pH level induced by estrogen deficiency predispose the vagina and urinary tract to infection and mechanical weakness. The earliest symptoms are decreased vaginal lubrication, followed by other vaginal and urinary symptoms that may be exacerbated by superimposed infection. Once other causes of symptoms have been eliminated, treatment usually depends on estrogen replacement. Estrogen replacement therapy may be provided systemically or locally, but the dosage and delivery method must be individualized. Vaginal moisturizers This study source was downloaded by 100000825611411 from CourseHero.com on 10-31-2022 10:06:45 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/35715131/NR-602-Week-5-Quiz-Study-Guidedocx/and lubricants, and participation in coitus may also be beneficial in the treatment of women with atrophic vaginitis. Vaginitis Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. Vaginitis affects women of all ages but is most common during the reproductive years. A change in the balance of the yeast and bacteria that normally live in the vagina can result in vaginitis. This causes the lining of the vagina to become inflamed. Factors that can change the normal balance of the vagina include the following:  Use of antibiotics  Changes in hormone levels due to pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause  Douching  Spermicides  Sexual intercourse  Infection