PATHO 370 Pathophysiology final exam

Question 1 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was ...

Question 1 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is Selected Answer: b. cigarette smoking. Correct Answer: b. cigarette smoking. Response Feedback: The most likely contributing factor for the development of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of compounds, many of which have known genotoxicity and probably serve as initiators. Tobacco smoke also contains promoters, which spur the mutant cells to proliferate. Although a high-fat diet, urban pollutants, and a stressful lifestyle have been implicated in some types of cancer, they are not the likely contributing factor in your patient’s lung cancer. 1. Question 2 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by Selected Answer: b. norepinephrine. Correct Answer: b. norepinephrine. Response Feedback: Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland. 1. Question 3 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. Selected Answer: b. True Correct Answer: b. True Response The sensitivity of any test refers to the probability that the test will be positive Feedback: when applied to a person with the condition and will not provide a false negative result. In contrast, specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition. 1. Question 4 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except Selected Answer: b. necrosis. Correct Answer: b. necrosis. Response Feedback: Necrosis refers to death of cells/tissue and is not reversible. Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another from persistent injury and is reversible when the injury stops. Atrophy occurs because of lack of use of an organ and is reversible. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation and is reversible. 1. Question 5 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points Coagulative necrosis is caused by Selected Answer: a. interrupted blood supply. Correct Answer: a. interrupted blood supply. Response Feedback: Coagulative necrosis results from interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury. Liquefactive necrosis results from dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. Fat necrosis is caused by trauma or pancreatitis. Caseous necrosis is caused by lung tissue damage such as that caused by tuberculosis. 1. Question 6 • 0.125 out of 0.125 points The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is Selected Answer: c. P53. Correct Answer: c. P53. Response Feedback: The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells involves P53. More than half of all types of human tumors lack functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling. Rb, DC, and APC are not the most common tu