COM- 100 (100-O SUMMER-PERSONALITY DQs.

COM- 100 (100-O SUMMER-PERSONALITY DQs. 7.2 How would cognitive therapists approach the treatment of depression? How might they criticize humanistic therapies? Cognitive therapists would approach the treatment o ...

COM- 100 (100-O SUMMER-PERSONALITY DQs. 7.2 How would cognitive therapists approach the treatment of depression? How might they criticize humanistic therapies? Cognitive therapists would approach the treatment of depression by looking at the thoughts going on in one’s brain. They would approach it by investigating the mental process in which a person is taking. For example, a cognitive therapist would sit down with a person struggling with depression and ask them questions that bring out their thought process. Specifically, they would look for negative schemas, like negative lenses in which they see themselves and the world. They would then alter the thinking by ensuring that they receive realistic perspectives instead of their negative ones (Burger, 2015). The depressed person does have a sense of exaggeration and do not see reality clearly and that is what the cognitive therapists would alter. They would criticize humanistic therapies because they do not believe that the perspective and approach is not aligned with human nature and takes a too naïve approach. It would be criticized because it does not dive deep enough and only simply describes personality. Burger, J. M. (2015). Personality (9 th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning. 7.1 Discuss how the cognitive theorists (Kelly, Beck, and Ellis) might respond to this question from a potential client: "I have been a patient of Dr. Steve Smith, who is a psychoanalyst. He feels that I need three years of therapy to explore my defense mechanisms (he said I need to regress back to my childhood repressions, whatever that means). I am feeling depressed, and have even thought of committing suicide. I feel that no matter what I do, I'm just a complete failure. Can you help me, or should I stay with Dr. Smith?" Each would respond to the situation differently. Kelly holds the belief that personal constructs aid in creating various views of what reality is throughout one’s lifetime, in addition to also believing that people are bipolar, which is how they handle life situations. Kelly mostly focused on the fact that people are their own scientists (Burger, 2015). Inevitably, Kelly would tell the patient that seeing Dr. Smith to regress would not be of help to the current situation. He would encourage the patient to further explore and understanding himself. Beck believes that people who see the world and themselves negatively, are depressed and so his response to the patient would be to keep seeing Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith would be able to regress and alter the negativity lens that the patient sees life through. Lastly, Ellis would approach this situation by telling the patient to stay with Dr. Smith. Ellis believes that it is important to trace behavior and ensure that it has rational beliefs behind it (Burger, 2015). He would say that Dr. Smith can aid in going back and instilling rational thinking and perspective. Burger, J.M. (2015). Personality. (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/cengage/2014/personality_ebook_9e.php Each would respond to the situation differently. Kelly holds the belief that personal constructs aid in creating various views of what reality is throughout one’s lifetime, in addition to also believing that people are bipolar, which is how they handle life situations. Kelly mostly focused on the fact that people are their own scientists (Burger, 2015). Inevitably, Kelly would tell the patient that seeing Dr. Smith to regress would not be of help to the current situation. He would encourage the patient to further explore and understanding himself. Beck believes that people who see the world and themselves negatively, are depressed and so his response to the patient would be to keep seeing Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith would be able to regress and alter the negativity lens that the patient sees life through. Lastly, Ellis would approach this situation by telling the patient to stay with Dr. Smith. Ellis believes that it is important to trace behavior and ensure that it has rational beliefs behind it (Burger, 2015). He would say that Dr. Smith can aid in going back and instilling rational thinking and perspective. Burger, J.M. (2015). Personality. (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/cengage/2014/personality_ebook_9e.php 6.2 Give two examples of operant conditioning you have witnessed. What types of reinforcement or punishment was used? Develop your own plan for changing a specific behavior. Critique others’ plans and offer advice on how they may better achieve their goal. The first example of operant conditioning I have witnessed is when my friend was dieting. Any bad food that she wanted or almost reached for, she would snap the rubber band she kept around her wrist. She used negative reinforcement because she added an object to help in her eliminating the behavior. The second example was when I would give myself a new purse at the end of the semester if I got all “A’s” and it would help tremendously to know that all the work I was putting in meant something at the end. Using positive reinforcement works best for me personally. ;) I think when it comes to achieving goals, one must understand that negative reinforcement can be productive but often times, positive reinforcement brings about more success. Through watching my friends and even myself try and change behaviors, often positive reinforcement is best. Scientifically, I could offer critiques to those looking to change behavior, but I think my personal experiences prove that positive reinforcement can be more motivating. 6.1Give two examples of classical conditioning you have witnessed. Identify the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. Develop a plan on how you can classically condition a specific behavior. Can you think of anything you do that is not motivated by either the hope of reinforcement or the avoidance of punishment? Before giving examples, classical conditioning is when two stimuli are routinely paired (). The first example is waking up early in the morning. When I was in high school, my schedule demanded that I be up early, but I had not previously needed to. When I heard my alarm at 5:00 am every week day morning, I would train my thought to be “get up!” I would always wake up in more of a panic but after a while, the thought did not really cross my mind, I would just wake up the moment I heard my alarm. The neutral stimulus is the alarm, the unconditional stimulus is sleep, and the conditioned stimulus is the thought to wake up the moment I hear the alarm. The unconditioned response is to sleep, and the conditioned response is to wake up. The second example is when my sister started her daily training session at the gym. She had days where she did not feel motivated to go. She changed her behavior by allowing herself to have a pre-workout before-hand. Every time she felt she did not want to go, she would drink her pre-workout and she has never had a problem in her dedication since. The neutral stimulus is the pre-workout, the unconditional stimulus is working out, and the conditioned stimulus is to workout. The unconditioned response is to sit on the couch and the conditioned response is to workout. "Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life." Psychology Today. Accessed June 12, 2018. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consciousness-and-the-brain/201011/classical- conditioning-in-everyday-life. 5.2 Through my experience in the world, I do see Carl Roger’s statement as truth. One example when I saw a few middle school girls walking an elderly couple across the street. Another example when I was carrying huge amazon boxes back to my apartment and all three guys I passed asked if they could help, even though I politely refused. The last example is when a group of surfers all offered to help a mother and her children load up the car after their beach day. Each person has in good in them. If a person is bad it because their environment. Self-actualization is something that both Maslow and Roger’s believed but approached it differently. Maslow believes in the hierarchy of needs and that is what brings you to self- actualization. Roger’s viewed self-actualization as the point in which you experience and connect with others. “Institute for Christian Teaching.” The Institute for Christian Teaching, christintheclassroom.org/vol_10/10cc_277-296.htm. Carl Rogers is a strong believer that people are innately good, and I would also like to believe this statement. Even though there are many people in this world that have harmed us, there are also many Holmes, L. (2016). 9 much-needed reminders that humans are inherently good. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/happy-facts-for- sadness_us_5788d366e4b03fc3ee505b3 arl Rogers believed people were good and creative; that they can reach the highest level of being human and fulfill their goal of self-actualization. However, he states that a person can only grow to their full potential under the right conditions and environment. In order for a person to flourish, they must avoid situations that destruct their personality and give them poor esteem. In other words “self-actualization occurs when a person’s ideal self is congruent with their actual behavior” (McLeod, 2014). I agree with Roger’s position that people are good and creative; we are made with a different purpose and each person has good in them, it’s a human thing. The only thing that separates good people from bad is the circumstances they were raised under or the environment and influences from other people. One example would be, there are many big tragedies that occur in this country, and although they are done by people we see as “bad, mentally ill, or crazy”, afterwards, there are always people that come together to help one another in times to mourn, to give a hand, and comfort others that went through the tragedies. According to Maslow, self actualization is a concept from the humanistic psychological theory; it is a destination a person takes in order to realize their full self and live life to the highest potential. According to Roger’s self actualization is the growth in an individual toward their highest needs, it is a journey they take to realize what their needs are and how to fulfill those to find a purpose in life. McLeod, S. (2014) Sim 5.1. The humanistic approach would not have him go to a psychoanalyst. They would each try and correct the issue. Rogers would advise that the humanist approach be the way to handle the situation so that the depression is properly handled. Roger’s would say that through understanding Freud’s psychoanalysis, emotions are to be expected like sadness and depression. Maslow centers the attention around the hierarchy of needs-being self-esteem, self-actualization, love and belonging, and safety. To reach the full potential of yourself, Maslow would insist on reaching the highest levels of these to get out of depression and thrive. Without acknowledging these needs, the client is bound for depression and so it must be reversed to reach self-actualization. Frankl would say that he is depressed because he thinks and worries too much about the future. His suggestion would be to stay with Dr. Smith and work out past issues. he three humanistic theorists would approach this differently and not suggest that the patient go to a psychoanalyst. Each theorist would respond by trying to help their patient rather than send him/her to a different doctor and help the patient acknowledge their depression by learning to deal with it correctly. Rogers would definitely advise his client not to see Dr. Smith so that he can deal with this with the humanistic approach in mind. Rogers knows that his patient is dealing with depression and according to Freud’s psychoanalysis, patient’s feel emotions like anger, sadness, and depression. Maslow refers to the human’s hierarchy of needs, which are: self-esteem, self-actualization, love and belonging, and safety. These are needed for human and self-motivation within the patient; to come out of depression and deal with it, the patient will figure out methods to find that motivation and learn to love life again. Maslow would explain to the patient that they are depressed because they are not reaching their full human potential, which is the theory of self-actualization. In order to reach their full potential, biologic, social and personal needs need to be acknowledged. Another approach by Rogers is done through the five characteristics to help achieve self- actualization. In his theory, Rogers talks about development in terms of how the person perceives themselves; “a healthy individual will tend to see congruence between their send of who they are (self) and who they feel they should be (ideal self)” (The Humanistic Approach, N.D). One difference between Maslow and Rogers is that Maslow put much emphasis on peak experiences, which are the extraordinary moments in life that make us feel more “alive”. 4.2Explain why the trait of introversion-extraversion keeps surfacing in some of these theories (first seen in Jung's theory, then in the Big Five theory, and now in Eysenck's theory). The trait of introversion-extraversion are seen appearing in countless theories. They all incorporate introversion-extraversion because they all have the common goal to understand personalities (Meares, Stevenson, & D’Angelo, 2002). Jung’s theory focuses on exploring personality and introversion-extroversion brings clarity to aspects of personality. Without including introversion-extraversion a chunk of understanding personality is missing. The Big Five theory using the five traits but each trait varies depending on introversion-extraversion. The Big Five theory must include the concept in order to properly understand personality. Eysenck’s theory focuses on understanding personality through extraversion and neuroticism traits. Meares, R., Stevenson, J., & D’Angelo, R. (2002). Eysenck's challenge to psychotherapy: a view of the effects 50 years on. Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Psychiatry, 36(6), 812-815. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01103.x 4.1 Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages in using twins to analyze genetic heritability. Why might it be useful for future twin studies to separate out monozygotic (identical) from dizygotic (fraternal) twins? Twin studies are experiments conducted on twins to see the differences they display to the other twin in the pairing. Monozygotic (MZ) twins share 100% of their DNA and dizygotic (DZ) twins share 50% of their DNA. Twin studies are mainly used to see if it is environmental causes that lead to certain illnesses or if it is genetic causes, if both monozygotic twins develop a disorder it is likely to be concluded that the illness was caused by genetic factors.A major advantage of twin studies is that the twins share their DNA and so the effects of the environment can be established. A major disadvantage is that twin studies are not representative of society as a whole and so the generalizability of the results may be limited. When we look at this it might be useful for future twins to seperate out identical from fraternal because we can dictate if there are certain illnesses caused by genetic factors or possibly enviromental factors. Lecture 4 states that, " because they share precisely the same genes but live in different surroundings under different influences, they are helping science sort out the relative influence of heredity and environment on such traits as shyness and thrill seeking". So, I feel they are a useful tool in establishing whether the effect of genetics and the environment on certain illnesses and traits. They allow a difference to be established especially when MZ and DZ twins are studied side by side. One advantage in using twins to analyze genetic heritability is that one is able to differentiate the effects of genetics versus environment (lecture 4, 2018). One can better understand if factors are accredited to genes or environment. Twins can reveal traits that can help scientists understand which one was the influence. A disadvantage is that using twins does not represent society but instead takes a general stance from the results. Many studies conduct experiments on sets of twins, both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Monozygotic just means identical twins that share 100% of the same DNA while dizygotic twins are fraternal that share 50% of the same DNA. This can affect experimental studies that are conducted on twins. Using monozygotic twins allows a study to even reveal factors of diseases and see which factors were the culprit. I know a set of identical twins that both have an illness that was developed over time, but one can see it was genes and not the environment that caused the illness because they grew up in different environments. Lecture 4. (2018). PSY­255. Introduction to Personality Psychology. Phoenix, AZ: Grand Canyon University 3.2 Discuss Allport’s concept of functional autonomy. Identify two instances in your life where functional autonomy was present. Allport’s concept of functional autonomy says that behaviors that are forced as a child, continue on as a habit into adulthood because the behaviors latter become enjoyable (). His concept focuses on human motivation. Now that I understand the concept, I look back and see countless examples of functional autonomy. One example was back when I started ballet. My mother would bribe me to go to ballet class. For months, I did not like spending time in class, pointing my toes, and wearing tutus. As I started to grow up, I realized that I actually enjoyed all that ballet had to offer. My mother no longer needed to give me incentives but instead I grew my own passion for the art. I ended up being excepted to American Ballet Theater in New York City, but chose to end that career path. Looking back, I see how my dance career, at the time, all started with my mom forcing me to go to my lessons as a child. The second example was when my school went out on fieldtrips and I did not want to go. I used to be forced by my parents and teachers to participate in fieldtrips. After so many fieldtrips, I started to like going out and every field trip, my fear of being lost, was consistently proved to be false. 3.1 What jobs should require personality tests prior to hiring a candidate? What traits are important for these jobs? There are a few jobs that should have some kind of personality tests prior to being hired. I personally think that it would do organizations a lot of good to have personality tests for all areas and positions of the workforce. The most important job that should require personality testing, is a position like a greeter desk job/receptionist position. Receptionists have to have a personality type that is not shy and introverted but is social and can get along with many different people that they encounter. I researched positions on Indeed.com to find out which ones require personality test. The results were odd. Most of the positions were things like, pizza hut cashiers, personal assistant jobs, and front desk/receptionists. These were the main job positions that required personality testing before being considered. Indeeed.com Psychological health is so important, that I believe every job should have some kind of test 2.2 Select a neopsychoanalytic theorist you agree with, and one that you disagree with. Give your reasons for each I disagree with Sigmund Freud. The first reason is that he believes that development occurs in childhood and does not shift or change. He believed that it was all motivated by aggression and sexual desires. I agree with Erik Erikson. He believes development happens in stages like Freud, but he believes they occur of over a lifespan. I think through personal observation, the developmental stages occur over a span of someone’s life, versus just within childhood. I think that each stage is correct. I agree with Erikson, in that social development is the emphasis, versus Freud emphasizing sexual development. http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L8-10MajorNeoanalyticTheoriesTheorists.html Burger, J. M. (2014). Personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning. ISBN- 13: 9781285740225 2.1 Identify and explain research on effective coping mechanisms for stress. How do you believe these would help you in your everyday life? There are three types of ways of coping with stress­ problem­focused strategies, emotion­focused strategies, and avoidance strategies. Problem­focused is when a person identifies the issue causing the stress and deals with that (Howl, 2016). Emotion­focused is when a person feels that they must address and reduce the negative emotions that are being brought about by stress (Howl, 2016). One way to do this would be to discuss one’s feelings with others. Avoidance­ strategy is just that, one will avoid the stress and it is a defense mechanism that is diploid (Howl, 2016). In my everyday life, the best mechanism for me, is. I see that it is the mechanism that allows me to cope with stress. It has proven to be the best in my everyday life. If a friend that I can trust and confide in, is not available, I always go to call my mom. I have used this mechanism for the past couple years and it serves to be the best, for me. I am glad that I am able to identity it, now that I know the different mechanisms. Howl, J. (2016, March). Stress and coping mechanisms. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/stress-and-coping-mechanisms 1.2 How does personality differ from: a) character, and b) temperament? There are a few differences between character and temperament that are different from personality. Ultimately, character, temperament, and personality all compose each unique person. Character has to do with set values, standards of living, and beliefs. Everyone has a form of character. Temperament is how we go about our lives and do things. Temperament is more ingrained in humans and stays consistent. Personality can shift, change and bend. Personality is traits that make up a human. I grew up being shy until my tweens and then I had a shift in traits and was outgoing, bubbly and energetic. It is patterns of behavior and can be seen through interactions with others (Burger, 2014). These are important to distinguish but ultimately allow each person to be different. Burger, J. M. (2014). Personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning. ISBN-13: 9781285740225 1.1 Choose two public figures whose character and personality appear to be in conflict. Explain what you perceive to be their character and personality and how that perception is in conflict The first person that came to mind after I read the DQ prompt was President Donald Trump. While he has a strength in the area of having a business mind, there are missing factors to the equation. While personality is questionable, I see that he has strong character. Although blunt, and at times, insensitive, Donald Trump has pushed through countless business battles and uphills. He has been strong enought to bring companies and jobs about, as a leader. HIs personality is questionable. His private and personable behaviors do not display a good personality. The second person that I could think of is Marilyn Monroe. She had a very varying personality that seemed to contridict her character. Her character was difficult for many people to ever understand-she was complex. Her personality was easily seen as being easy to read or a ditzy woman. Her personality was multifaceted but easy traits to pin-point. In people's eyes, her personality was apparent, while her character was difficult to pin but would ultimate condridict her personailty. I percieve these two because they are proven to be true. No one truly knew the character of Marilyn but came to find out later that it conrdicited her easy-to-stereotype personality. She had character while her triaits were the outcome of a different personality.