Chapter 1
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: study of body structures and relation to one another Physiology: study of function of an organism or its parts
Embryology: first 8 weeks of development after fertilizati
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Chapter 1
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: study of body structures and relation to one another Physiology: study of function of an organism or its parts
Embryology: first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Developmental biology: the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death Cell biology: cellular structure and functions
Histology: microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy: structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy: structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or resp systems Regional anatomy: specific regions of the body, ex head or chest
Surface anatomy: surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
Imaging anatomy: body structures that can be visualized with techniques ex x-ray, MRI, CT Pathological anatomy: Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease Neurophysiology: functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology: hormones (chem runs in blood) and how they control body functions Cardiovascular physiology: functions of heart and blood vessels
Immunology: the body’s defenses against disease causing agents Respiratory physiology: functions of the airways and lungs
Renal physiology: functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology: changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity Pathophysiology: fcnal changes assoc with disease and aging.
1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
Chemical Level: very basic level; includes atoms and molecules.
Atom: unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of nucleus (with protons and neutrons) and electrons orbiting nucleus
Molecule: a combination of two or more atoms that share electrons
Atoms essential to maintain life: Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium,
Sulfur
Common molecules: DNA, glucose
Cellular level: molecules combine to form cells.
Cell: the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life.
Tissue level: cells combine to form tissues
Tissue: a group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific fcn
4 basic types of tissue in body: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Epithelial tissue: covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, forms glands Connective tissue: connects, supports, protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to
other tissues
Muscular tissue: contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
Nervous tissue: carries info from one part of body to another through nerve impulses.
Organ level: different types of tissues join together
Organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues to perform specific functions, usually have recognizable shapes. Ex skin, liver, stomach, bones, heart, lungs, brain
System level: related organs with a common function. Ex digestive system incl mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system ex pancreas = digestive and endocrine
Organismal level: all the parts of the human body fcning together constitute the total organism.
The 11 body systems:
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