NBME CBSE Latest Updated 2022

Bulbus cordis Correct Answer-Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles endocardial cushions Correct Answer-Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves neural crest left ...

Bulbus cordis Correct Answer-Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles endocardial cushions Correct Answer-Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves neural crest left horn of the sinus venosus Correct Answer-coronary sinus posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins Correct Answer-IVC Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein Correct Answer-SVC Right horn of sinus venosus Correct Answer-Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum) Patent foramen ovale Correct Answer-failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth Transposition of the great vessels Tetralogy of Fallot Persistent truncus arteriosus Correct Answer-Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate ductus venosus Correct Answer-connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver becomes ligamentum venosum phrenic nerve Correct Answer-innervates the diaphragm and pericardium S3 heart sound Correct Answer-Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles normal in kids and pregnant women S4 heart sound Correct Answer-atrial kick late diastole, right before S1 best heard at apex in LLD position High atrial pressure. Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal atria contract Correct Answer-a wave of JVP c wave Correct Answer-RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP x descent Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge V wave Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve y descent Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV absent in cardiac tamponade plusus parvus et tardus Correct Answer-pulses are weak with delayed peak Aortic stenosis PR interval Correct Answer-0.12-0.20 seconds 120 milliseconds QT interval length Correct Answer-9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds Hypokalemia Correct Answer-U wave present on ECG Mg sulfate Correct Answer-for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures) Romano-Ward syndrome Correct Answer--Congenital long QT syndrome -Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness). Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Correct Answer--Congenital long QT syndrome -Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness Brugada syndrome Correct Answer--Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in Asian males. -ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum) -inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Correct Answer-Most common type of ventriuclar pre-excitation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rateslowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy. First degree AV block Correct Answer-- PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec) - Fixed but prolonged PRI (consistent but long) - normally get bradycardia here second degree AV block mobitz type 2 Correct Answer--PR interval is constant -atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR interval length -disease below AV node in His bundle may progress to 3rd degree/complete AV block Second Degree AV Block Mobitz Type 1 (wenckebach) Correct Answer-Progressive lengthening of pr interval leading to dropped QRS third degree AV block Correct Answer-The atria and Ventricles are totally dissociated. -So, the QRSs and the P waves have no relation to each other. PCWP Correct Answer-4-12 mmHg est of LA pressure Williams Syndrome Correct Answer-a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities, elfin facies Chromosome 7 assoc with supravalvular aortic stenosis DiGeorge Syndrome Correct Answer-Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial dysmorphia, cardiac shunt (trunks arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot), lack of T-cells, undeveloped paracortex Corneal arcus Correct Answer-Lipid deposits in the cornea. Common in the elderly, but appears earlier in life with hypercholesterolemia Stanford A aortic dissection Correct Answer-Dissection of the ascending aorta Tx with surgery Stanford B aortic dissection Correct Answer-Dissection of the descending aorta below the level o the left subclavian artery Tx: Beta Blockers then vasodilators Left bundle branch block Correct Answer-QRS> 120 msec Deep, broad S waves in V1 and V2 Broad R waves in in V5 and V6 hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Correct Answer-common AD inherited heart defect of a thick septal wall mutations in sarcomeric proteins (myosin binding protein C; Beta myosin heavy chain) sudden death in young athletes Loffler endocarditis Correct Answer-assoc w hypereosinophilic syndrome; histology shows eosinophilic infiltrates in myocardium cause restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy with low voltage ECG Endocardial fibroelastosis Correct Answer-Dense layer of fibrosis and elastic tissue in the endocardium; cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy in children