Contents at a Glance
Introduction xxiii
Assessment Test xxxiii
Chapter 1
Internetworking 1
Chapter 2
Introduction to TCP/IP 67
Chapter 3
Subnetting, Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs), and
Troubleshooting TCP/
...
Contents at a Glance
Introduction xxiii
Assessment Test xxxiii
Chapter 1
Internetworking 1
Chapter 2
Introduction to TCP/IP 67
Chapter 3
Subnetting, Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs), and
Troubleshooting TCP/IP 111
Chapter 4
Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) and
Security Device Manager (SDM) 171
Chapter 5
Managing a Cisco Internetwork 251
Chapter 6
IP Routing 327
Chapter 7
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) 417
Chapter 8
Layer 2 Switching and Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 493
Chapter 9
Virtual LANs (VLANs) 551
Chapter 10
Security 609
Chapter 11
Network Address Translation (NAT) 669
Chapter 12
Cisco’s Wireless Technologies 703
Chapter 13
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 739
Chapter 14
Wide Area Networks 773
Glossary
851
Index 911
Table of Contents
Introduction xxiii
Assessment Test xxxiii
Chapter 1 Internetworking 1
Internetworking Basics 4
Internetworking Models 11
The Layered Approach 12
Advantages of Reference Models 12
The OSI Reference Model 13
The Application Layer 15
The Presentation Layer 16
The Session Layer 16
The Transport Layer 16
The Network Layer 22
The Data Link Layer 24
The Physical Layer 30
Ethernet Networking 31
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 33
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 34
Ethernet at the Physical Layer 37
Ethernet Cabling 39
Straight-Through Cable 39
Crossover Cable 40
Rolled Cable 40
Data Encapsulation 43
The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model 46
The Core Layer 47
The Distribution Layer 48
The Access Layer 49
Summary 49
Exam Essentials 49
Written Lab 1 50
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions 51
Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices 52
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains 53
Written Lab 1.4: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal
Conversion 53
Review Questions 56
Answers to Review Questions 60
xii
Table of Contents
Answers to Written Lab 1 62
Answer to Written Lab 1.2 63
Answers to Written Lab 1.3 63
Answers to Written Lab 1.4 64
Chapter 2 Introduction to TCP/IP 67
TCP/IP and the DoD Model 68
The Process/Application Layer Protocols 70
The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols 74
The Internet Layer Protocols 83
IP Addressing 92
IP Terminology 93
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 93
Private IP Addresses 98
Broadcast Addresses 100
Summary 101
Exam Essentials 102
Written Lab 2 102
Review Questions 104
Answers to Review Questions 108
Answers to Written Lab 2 110
Chapter 3 Subnetting, Variable Length Subnet Masks
(VLSMs), and Troubleshooting TCP/IP 111
Subnetting Basics 112
IP Subnet-Zero 113
How to Create Subnets 114
Subnet Masks 115
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 116
Subnetting Class C Addresses 118
Subnetting Class B Addresses 127
Subnetting Class A Addresses 134
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) 137
VLSM Design 138
Implementing VLSM Networks 139
Summarization 147
Troubleshooting IP Addressing 150
Determining IP Address Problems 153
Summary 157
Exam Essentials 158
Written Labs 3 158
Written Lab 3.1: Written Subnet Practice #1 159
Written Lab 3.2: Written Subnet Practice 159
Written Lab 3.3: Written Subnet Practice 160
Table of Contents
xiii
Review Questions 161
Answers to Review Questions 166
Answers to Written Lab 3.1 168
Answers to Written Lab 3.2 169
Answers to Written Lab 3.3 169
Chapter 4 Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS)
and Security Device Manager (SDM) 171
The IOS User Interface 173
Cisco Router IOS 173
Connecting to a Cisco Router 173
Bringing Up a Router 175
Command-Line Interface (CLI) 179
Entering the CLI from a Non-ISR Router 180
Overview of Router Modes 181
CLI Prompts 182
Editing and Help Features 185
Gathering Basic Routing Information 189
Router and Switch Administrative Configurations 191
Hostnames 191
Banners 192
Setting Passwords 194
Encrypting Your Passwords 199
Descriptions 201
Router Interfaces 204
Bringing Up an Interface 206
Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations 212
Deleting the Configuration and Reloading the Router 214
Verifying Your Configuration 214
Cisco’s Security Device Manager (SDM) 223
Summary 232
Exam Essentials 233
Written Lab 4 234
Hands-on Labs 235
Hands-on Lab 4.1: Logging into a Router 235
Hands-on Lab 4.2: Using the Help and Editing Features 236
Hands-on Lab 4.3: Saving a Router Configuration 237
Hands-on Lab 4.4: Setting Your Passwords 237
Hands-on Lab 4.5: Setting the Hostname, Descriptions,
IP Address, and Clock Rate 239
Hands-on Lab 4.6: Installing SDM on Your Computer 241
Review Questions 242
Answers to Review Questions 247
Answers to Written Lab 4 249
xiv
Table of Contents
Chapter 5 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 251
The Internal Components of a Cisco Router 252
The Router Boot Sequence 253
Managing Configuration Register 254
Understanding the Configuration Register Bits 254
Checking the Current Configuration Register Value 256
Changing the Configuration Register 256
Recovering Passwords 258
Boot System Commands 261
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS 262
Verifying Flash Memory 263
Backing Up the Cisco IOS 264
Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS 265
Using the Cisco IOS File System (Cisco IFS) 266
Using the SDM to Manage the Flash Memory 270
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration 274
Backing Up the Cisco Router Configuration 275
Restoring the Cisco Router Configuration 276
Erasing the Configuration 277
Using the Cisco IOS File System to Manage Your
Router’s Configuration (Cisco IFS) 278
Using the SDM to Back Up/Restore and Edit
the Router’s Configuration 280
Using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 283
Getting CDP Timers and Holdtime Information 283
Gathering Neighbor Information 284
Gathering Interface Traffic Information 289
Gathering Port and Interface Information 290
Documenting a Network Topology Using CDP 292
Using Telnet 295
Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously 297
Checking Telnet Connections 297
Checking Telnet Users 297
Closing Telnet Sessions 298
Using SDM to Telnet into Your Router 299
Resolving Hostnames 300
Building a Host Table 300
Using DNS to Resolve Names 302
Checking Network Connectivity and Troubleshooting 305
Using the
ping
Command 305
Using the
traceroute
Command 307
Debugging 308
Using the
show processes
Command 310
Summary 311
Table of Contents
xv
Exam Essentials 311
Written Lab 5 313
Hands-on Labs 313
Hands-on Lab 5.1: Backing Up Your Router IOS 314
Hands-on Lab 5.2: Upgrading or Restoring
Your Router IOS 314
Hands-on Lab 5.3: Backing Up the Router Configuration 314
Hands-on Lab 5.4: Using the Cisco Discovery
Protocol (CDP) 315
Hands-on Lab 5.5: Using Telnet 316
Hands-on Lab 5.6: Resolving Hostnames 316
Review Questions 318
Answers to Review Questions 323
Answers to Written Lab 5 325
Chapter 6 IP Routing 327
Routing Basics 329
The IP Routing Process 331
Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 336
Configuring IP Routing 341
Configuring IP Routing in Our Network 362
Static Routing 363
Default Routing 374
Dynamic Routing 377
Routing Protocol Basics 377
Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 379
Routing Loops 380
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 383
RIP Timers 383
Configuring RIP Routing 383
Verifying the RIP Routing Tables 387
Configuring RIP Routing Example 2 389
Holding Down RIP Propagations 390
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) 390
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 392
Verifying Your Configurations 393
The
show ip protocols
Command 394
The
debug ip rip
Command 395
Enabling RIPv2 on Our Internetwork 398
Summary 401
Exam Essentials 401
Written Lab 6 402
Hands-on Labs 403
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Creating Static Routes 404
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Configuring RIP Routing 405
xvi
Table of Contents
Review Questions 407
Answers to Review Questions 413
Answers to Written Lab 6 415
Chapter 7 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) and Open Shortest
Path First (OSPF) 417
EIGRP Features and Operation 418
Protocol-Dependent Modules 419
Neighbor Discovery 419
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) 421
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) 421
Using EIGRP to Support Large Networks 422
Multiple ASes 422
VLSM Support and Summarization 423
Route Discovery and Maintenance 424
Configuring EIGRP 426
Corp 429
R1 429
R2 430
R3 430
Redistributing to the 871W Router from R3 432
Configuring Discontiguous Networks 434
Load Balancing with EIGRP 435
Verifying EIGRP 438
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Basics 444
OSPF Terminology 446
SPF Tree Calculation 448
Configuring OSPF 449
Enabling OSPF 449
Configuring OSPF Areas 450
Configuring Our Network with OSPF 453
Verifying OSPF Configuration 457
The
show ip ospf
Command 458
The
show ip ospf database
Command 459
The
show ip ospf interface
Command 460
The
show ip ospf neighbor
Command 461
The
show ip protocols
Command 461
Debugging OSPF 462
OSPF DR and BDR Elections 465
Neighbors 465
Adjacencies 465
DR and BDR Elections 466
OSPF and Loopback Interfaces 466
Configuring Loopback Interfaces 467
OSPF Interface Priorities 469
Table of Contents
xvii
Troubleshooting OSPF 471
Configuring EIGRP and OSPF Summary Routes 474
Summary 476
Exam Essentials 477
Written Lab 7 477
Hands-on Labs 478
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Configuring and Verifying EIGRP 479
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Enabling the OSPF Process 480
Hands-on Lab 7.3: Configuring OSPF Neighbors 481
Hands-on Lab 7.4: Verifying OSPF Operation 482
Hands-on Lab 7.5: OSPF DR and BDR Elections 482
Review Questions 484
Answers to Review Questions 489
Answers to Written Lab 7 491
Chapter 8 Layer 2 Switching and Spanning Tree
Protocol (STP) 493
Before Layer 2 Switching 494
Switching Services 497
Limitations of Layer 2 Switching 498
Bridging vs. LAN Switching 499
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 499
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 505
Spanning Tree Terms 506
Spanning Tree Operations 507
Configuring Catalyst Switches 514
Catalyst Switch Configuration 515
Verifying Cisco Catalyst Switches 528
Cisco Network Assistant 534
Summary 541
Exam Essentials 542
Written Lab 8 542
Review Questions 543
Answers to Review Questions 548
Answers to Written Lab 8.1 550
Chapter 9 Virtual LANs (VLANs) 551
VLAN Basics 552
Broadcast Control 554
Security 555
Flexibility and Scalability 555
VLAN Memberships 558
Static VLANs 558
Dynamic VLANs 559
xviii
Table of Contents
Identifying VLANs 559
Frame Tagging 561
VLAN Identification Methods 562
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 563
VTP Modes of Operation 564
VTP Pruning 565
Routing between VLANs 567
Configuring VLANs 568
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 570
Configuring Trunk Ports 571
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 575
Configuring VTP 580
Troubleshooting VTP 583
Telephony: Configuring Voice VLANs 586
Configuring the Voice VLAN 587
Configuring IP Phone Voice Traffic 587
Using the CNA to Configure VLANs and
Inter-VLAN Routing 588
Summary 597
Exam Essentials 598
Written Lab 9 599
Review Questions 600
Answers to Review Questions 605
Answers to Written Lab 9.1 607
Chapter 10 Security 609
Perimeter, Firewall, and Internal Routers 610
Recognizing Security Threats 611
Mitigating Security Threats 614
Cisco’s IOS Firewall 614
Introduction to Access Lists 615
Mitigating Security Issues with ACLs 618
Standard Access Lists 619
Wildcard Masking 620
Standard Access List Example 622
Controlling VTY (Telnet) Access 625
Extended Access Lists 626
Extended Access List Example 1 630
Extended Access List Example 2 631
Advanced Access Lists 632
Named ACLs 632
Switch Port ACLs 634
Lock and Key (Dynamic ACLs) 636
Reflexive ACLs 637
Time-Based ACLs 637
Table of Contents
xix
Remarks 638
Context-Based Access Control (Cisco IOS Firewall) 639
Authentication Proxy 640
Monitoring Access Lists 640
Configuring Access Lists Using SDM 643
Creating ACLs with SDM 643
Creating Firewalls with SDM 647
Summary 654
Exam Essentials 655
Written Lab 10.1 655
Hands-on Labs 656
Hands-on Lab 10.1: Standard IP Access Lists 657
Hands-on Lab 10.2: Extended IP Access Lists 657
Review Questions 661
Answers to Review Questions 666
Answers to Written Lab 10.1 668
Chapter 11 Network Address Translation (NAT) 669
When Do We Use NAT? 670
Types of Network Address Translation 671
NAT Names 672
How NAT Works 673
Static NAT Configuration 674
Dynamic NAT Configuration 675
PAT (Overloading) Configuration 675
Simple Verification of NAT 676
Testing and Troubleshooting NAT 677
Configuring NAT on Our Internetwork 679
Configuring NAT Using SDM 684
Summary 688
Exam Essentials 688
Written Lab 11 688
Hands-on Labs 689
Lab 11.1: Preparing for NAT 691
Lab 11.2: Configuring Dynamic NAT 692
Lab 11.3: Configuring PAT 694
Review Questions 696
Answers to Review Questions 699
Answers to Written Lab 11 701
Chapter 12 Cisco’s Wireless Technologies 703
Introduction to Wireless Technology 704
The 802.11 Standards 706
Comparing 802.11 711
xx
Table of Contents
Cisco’s Unified Wireless Solution 712
Split-MAC Architecture 715
MESH and LWAPP 716
AWPP 718
Wireless Security 718
Configuring Our Wireless Internetwork 721
Summary 729
Exam Essentials 729
Written Lab 12 730
Review Questions 731
Answers to Review Questions 735
Answers to Written Lab 12 737
Chapter 13 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 739
Why Do We Need IPv6? 740
The Benefits and Uses of IPv6 741
IPv6 Addressing and Expressions 742
Shortened Expression 743
Address Types 744
Special Addresses 745
How IPv6 Works in an Internetwork 746
Autoconfiguration 746
Configuring Cisco Routers with IPv6 747
DHCPv6 748
ICMPv6 749
IPv6 Routing Protocols 750
RIPng 751
EIGRPv6 751
OSPFv3 752
Migrating to IPv6 753
Dual Stacking 754
6to4 Tunneling 754
NAT-PT 755
Configuring IPv6 on Our Internetwork 756
Configuring RIPng 759
Configuring OSPFv3 763
Summary 766
Exam Essentials 767
Written Lab 13 767
Review Questions 768
Answers to Review Questions 771
Answers to Written Lab 13.1 772
Table of Contents
xxi
Chapter 14 Wide Area Networks 773
Introduction to Wide Area Networks 774
Defining WAN Terms 775
WAN Connection Types 775
WAN Support 777
Cable and DSL 779
Cable 780
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 782
Cabling the Serial Wide Area Network 785
Serial Transmission 785
Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication
Equipment 786
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Protocol 787
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 788
Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options 789
PPP Session Establishment 790
PPP Authentication Methods 790
Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers 791
Configuring PPP Authentication 791
Verifying PPP Encapsulation 792
PPPoE Configuration 796
Frame Relay 798
Introduction to Frame Relay Technology 798
Frame Relay Implementation and Monitoring 805
Using SDM for WAN Connections 813
Configuring PPP with Authentication Using SDM 813
Configuring PPPoE with SDM
818
Configuring Frame Relay with SDM 822
Virtual Private Networks 825
Introduction to Cisco IOS IPSec 826
IPSec Transforms 826
Configuring VPNs/IPSec Using the SDM 828
Summary 836
Exam Essentials 836
Written Lab 14 837
Hands-on Labs 837
Hands-on Lab 14.1: Configuring PPP Encapsulation
and Authentication 838
Hands-on Lab 14.2: Configuring and
Monitoring HDLC 839
Hands-on Lab 14.3: Configuring Frame Relay
and Subinterfaces 840
xxii
Table of Contents
Review Questions 842
Answers to Review Questions 847
Answers to Written Lab 14.1 849
Glossary
851
Index 911
Introduction
Welcome to the exciting world of Cisco certification! You have picked up this book because
you want something better—namely, a better job with more satisfaction. Rest assured that you
have made a good decision. Cisco certification can help you get your first networking job or
more money and a promotion if you are already in the field.
Cisco certification can also improve your understanding of the internetworking of more
than just Cisco products: You will develop a complete understanding of networking and how
different network topologies work together to form a network. This is beneficial to every networking
job and is the reason Cisco certification is in such high demand, even at companies
with few Cisco devices.
Cisco is the king of routing, switching, and security, the Microsoft of the internetworking
world. The Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications, such as the MCSE, to
provide you with an indispensable factor in understanding today’s network—insight into the
Cisco world of internetworking. By deciding that you want to become Cisco certified, you are
saying that you want to be the best—the best at routing and the best at switching. This book
will lead you in that direction.
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