Architecture Appreciation Test 2

Architecture Appreciation Test 2 1. The planes crash into the buildings, damaging or destroying many outer columns. Some interior columns are also damaged, but the buildings still stand. 2. Fire erupts instantly and i ...

Architecture Appreciation Test 2 1. The planes crash into the buildings, damaging or destroying many outer columns. Some interior columns are also damaged, but the buildings still stand. 2. Fire erupts instantly and is spread by jet fuel down the core. 3. Temperatures reach as high as 1600 F, weakening steel columns until they can no longer support building weight. Interior columns essentially melt and collapse, buckling the exterior columns. 4. The added weight of each collapsed floor causes a pan-caking effect (called progressive collapse) and the buildings come down. - ✔✔4 steps of collapse of Twin Towers Daniel Libeskind actually won; call it the Freedom Tower - ✔✔Many entries were submitted for a replacement for the Twin Towers. Who had the winning entry, and what is it called now? David Childs, FAIA (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill) - ✔✔Who designed the Sears Tower, Hancock Tower, and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai? "Dead" Loads - ✔✔forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.) "Live" Loads - ✔✔forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc) Compression - ✔✔Capacity to resit being pushed together Tension - ✔✔Capacity to resist pulling apart Post and Beam - ✔✔a structural system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam (lintel) that spans the space between them; trabeated system Frame - ✔✔trabeated; can be made of steel, wood, stucco, etc; light, thin walls Masonry - ✔✔arcuated; can be made of brick, concrete, stone; heavy, thick walls Menhirs - ✔✔single stone standing upright Dolmen - ✔✔several stones supporting a stone slab Henges - ✔✔circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged Cromlech - ✔✔circle of stones Stonehenge - ✔✔the most famous of Neolithic monuments; built 3000-2100 BC; menhir, dolmen, henge, and cromlech; trabeation; post and lintels Remarkable joinery - ✔✔mortise and tenon step pyramid, bent pyramid, and straight sided pyramid - ✔✔three types of pyramids step pyramid - ✔✔Djoser's Pyramid; Saqqara, Egypt bent pyramid - ✔✔Sneferu's South Pyramid; Dahshur, Egypt straight-sided pyramid - ✔✔Cheop's Pyramid; Giza, Egypt Ziggurats - ✔✔stepped structures; some of the oldest structures (2125 BC); built from mud bricks Great Pyramid Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (burned down) The Statue of Zeus (burned down) Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (destroyed by earthquake) The Lighthouse of Alexandria (destroyed by earthquake) The Colossus of Rhodes (destroyed by earthquake) - ✔✔Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Imhotep: "the one who comes in peace" - ✔✔First recorded architect; born a commoner; between 2,700 to 2,600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb; translated traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone; astronomer, magician, and doctor; later worshipped by the Egyptians as a god Egyptian Pyramids - ✔✔tombs for kings built on West Bank of Nile River; covered in reflective limestone (quarried/east bank); gold veneer found at top; thought king would walk on sun rays to eternity (if king lives forever, the people do too); sealed the tomb, not a public space or place; sculptural objects on the landscape; represent rays of the sun (RA the sun god) Post-Pyramids - ✔✔After pyramids were looted, Kings built into the side of the mountain; Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Hypostyle hall - ✔✔Large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns; Temple at Karnac Temples - ✔✔Pyramids in Central America were used as __________. Palace at Knossos - ✔✔Minoan; 1700-1380 BCE The Lion Gate; Mycenae, ca. 1300 BC; Precursor to Greek Architecture - ✔✔Forerunner to post and beam (trabeated system) Lion's Gate - ✔✔- The sense of Structure was an inheritance from the Neolithic period - Lion element borrowed from Egypt, but it is now more organic - Post and lintel - Greeks will refine post and lintel triangular relief - Walls are narrow to help defend against attackers Greek Architecture - ✔✔Classical (Latin: elite) Language - ✔✔Greeks were united by ______________. Private property, individual freedom (less than 35% of the population), and "democracy" - ✔✔Greeks were founded on: Colonnade - ✔✔a series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof Gods - ✔✔Temples housed ______________. Non-greeks with their vivid colors and the fact that they could be seen from a great distance - ✔✔Temples were built to impress ___________ with ___________. Three styles - ✔✔How many styles of orders are there? Doric Order - ✔✔oldest, simplest, most massive of the orders; columns placed close together; often no bases; plain capitals; entablatures have metopes and triglyphs Ionic Order - ✔✔Developed in Ionian islands; characterized as delicate order "female"; contrasted with "male" Doric order; used for smaller buildings and interiors; easily recognizable by Volutes on Capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns) Corinthian Order - ✔✔Variation of Ionic Order; same as ionic except a new type of capital; capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves; often found on interiors Temple of Athena Nike - ✔✔Perfection of Ionic Order Entasis - ✔✔the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle The Acropolis - ✔✔Located in Athens, Greece agora - ✔✔open meeting place or market The Parthenon - ✔✔refined perfection of Doric order; a supreme example of classical architecture; reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built; dedicated to Athena Cella - ✔✔the principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple Elgin Marbles - ✔✔Lord Elgin purchased these from the Turks; they are in the British Museum in London The Erechtheion - ✔✔an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens in Greece which was dedicated to both Athena and Poseidon; 421-407 BC Caryatids - ✔✔a sculptured female figure used as a column Atlas - ✔✔a sculptured male figure used as a column Greek Revival Style - ✔✔Minard Lefever Asher Benjamin Details - ✔✔Plan books show ________. Greeks: made objects in the landscape (balance, harmony, refinement of form, NOT structural innovation), Post and Beam Romans (Europeans): conquered the Greeks; Etruscans brought Classical architecture to Roman Empire 1/5 of the world was under Roman rule; made spaces and images in context; made innovations in construction and technology; the Arch: vault, dome concrete - ✔✔Greeks VS Romans Tuscan Order - ✔✔unlike Doric, supports an entablature w/ no decoration (wooden temple w/ pitched roof) Composite Order - ✔✔combination of Ionic and Corinthian orders, capital combines acanthus leaves with volute scrolls barrel vault - ✔✔extending arch along its depth groin vault - ✔✔intersecting of two barrel vaults; opens a space in 4 directions; used to create interiors (gyms, baths, etc); Roman Pont du Gard - ✔✔Nimes, France 20-16 BC Maison Carree - ✔✔Nimes, France 10 CE Coliseum in Rome - ✔✔completed around 80 ACE, seats 50k, orders differ by levels Pantheon - ✔✔pediment (triangle shape over colonnade) and portico portico - ✔✔a colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule Hadrian - ✔✔"Romanized" and organized the empire; built bridges, roads, and Hadrians Wall across Britain Constantine I - ✔✔A.D. 306-337; edict of Milan 313 AD; proclaimed tolerance of all religions (gave authority to build churches) timber-roofed basilicas - ✔✔Early Chrisitan churches were based on ___________. Apse - ✔✔semi circular projection, containing an altar Nave - ✔✔space beyond the transept crossing toward the west or "front" of the church Transept - ✔✔the two arms in a "Latin cross" plan Aisle - ✔✔the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers Byzantium - ✔✔the eastern portion of the Roman empire Constantinople - ✔✔The capital of the Byzantine Empire; named after ruler Constantine; now Istanbul, Turkey Pendentives - ✔✔A spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure Hagia Sophia - ✔✔dome covered in mosaics, appeared to be floating, fell due to an earthquake S. Miniato al Monte - ✔✔Florence, Italy 1062-1090 Pisa Cathedral and Campanile - ✔✔Pisa, Italy 1063, 1089-1272 Ornament - ✔✔Like the Greeks, structure for gothic is ____________. Gothic structures - ✔✔introduced the pointed arch English Gothic - ✔✔straight cathedral French Gothic - ✔✔curved cathedral Notre Dame de Paris - ✔✔Gothic cathedral in Paris; 1163-1250 Chartres Cathedral - ✔✔pilgrimage church; 1130-1260