NUR 3031 Pathophysiology Final Review Updated 2023
Cellular Injury
Reversible Although impairing cell function, does not result in cell death.
Two patterns under microscope:
1 Cellular swelling: occurs
...
NUR 3031 Pathophysiology Final Review Updated 2023
Cellular Injury
Reversible Although impairing cell function, does not result in cell death.
Two patterns under microscope:
1 Cellular swelling: occurs with impairment of Na+/K+ pump, usually as a result of hypoxic cell injury 2 Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulations of fat; reversible, usually indicates severe injury.
Irreversible Cell death or necrosis can occur.
Apoptosis (Programmed cell death): a form of cell death necessary to make way for new cells; NORMAL PROCESS IN THE BODY
Necrosis: cell death and degradation; UNREGULATED death; cell swells and ruptures; inflammation
results. Cells may undergo liquefaction, coagulation, infarction, or caseous necrosis
Gangrene Large area of necrotic tissue; Three types:
1 Dry gangrene: lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow can carry fluid OUT of tissue 2 wEt gangrene: lack of venous flow lets fluid ACCUMULATE in tissue (E fluid can ‘E’nter) 3 Gas gangrene: Clostridium infection produces toxins and bubbles
Cellular stressors Hypoxia: lack of oxygen in air, respiratory disease, ischemia, anemia, edema, or inability of cells to use oxygen. Causes: ATP DEPLETION or “POWER FAILURE”; AEROBIC metabolism STOPS, less ATP is produced, Na+/K+ pump is impeded, cell swells up, lactic acid is produced due to ANAEROBIC metabolism.
Heat and Cold: extremes of heat and cold cause damage to the cells
Electricity: can cause extensive tissue injury and disruption of neural/ cardiac impulses
Chemical agents: injures cell membrane, block enzymatic pathways, and disrupt osmotic/ionic balance
Biologic agents: are able to replicate and continue to produce injurious effects
Radiation: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, nonionizing radiation
Nutritional imbalances: Nutritional excess/deficiency can predispose cells to injury
Atrophy decrease cell size causing reduce oxygen consumption and other cellular functions.
General causes:
1 Disuse: reduction in muscle use
2 Denervation: atrophy in muscles of paralyzed limbs
3 Loss of endocrine stimulation: in relationship with disuse atrophy
4 Inadequate nutrition and ischemia: cells decrease size and energy requirements due to
lack of nutrition and oxygen.
Hypertrophy increase cell size and with it an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass.
Pathogenic Hypertrophy: thickening of urinary bladder and myocardial hypertrophy.
Hyperplasia increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Occurs in tissues such as epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue.
2 types of PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA:
1 Hormonal hyperplasia: Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy, due to estrogen.
2 Compensatory hyperplasia: Regeneration of the liver that occurs after partial hepatectomy, or
with the removal of a kidney.
Most forms on NO
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