ASCP Hematology Review

ASCP Hematology Review Name the locations of active marrow in adults: - ✔✔sternum, skull, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae Where does hematopoiesis take place during the first 2 months of gestation? - ✔✔yolk sac Where does t ...

ASCP Hematology Review Name the locations of active marrow in adults: - ✔✔sternum, skull, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae Where does hematopoiesis take place during the first 2 months of gestation? - ✔✔yolk sac Where does the majority of hematopoiesis take place during the 2nd through 7th month of gestation? - ✔✔spleen When does the bone marrow take over hematopoiesis? - ✔✔after birth What are the stages in order of the erythrocyte lineage? - ✔✔(1)rubriblast, (2)prorubricyte, (3)rubricyte, (4)metarubricyte, (5)reticulocyte, (6)erytrocyte What are the stages in order of the granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) lineage? - ✔✔(1)myeloblast, (2)promyelocyte, (3)myelocyte, (4)metamyelocyte, (5)band, (6)segmented (7)eos/baso What are the stages in order of the macrophage lineage? - ✔✔(1)monoblast, (2)promonocyte, (3)monocyte, (4)macrophage What are the stages in order of the platelet lineage? - ✔✔(1)megakaryoblast, (2)promegakaryocyte, (3)megakaryocyte, (4)platelet What are the stages in order of the lymphocyte lineage? - ✔✔(1)lymphoblast, (2)prolymphocyte, (3)lymphocyte Which growth factors stimulate the erythrocyte lineage? - ✔✔GM-CSF, EPO, IL-3 Which growth factors stimulate the granulocyte lineages? - ✔✔GM-CSF, IL-3 Which growth factors stimulate the platelet lineage? - ✔✔GM-CSF, IL-3, TPO Which growth factors stimulate the lymphocyte lineage? - ✔✔IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7 Which protein functions in the transport of Fe? - ✔✔transferrin What is the major storage form of Fe? - ✔✔ferritin What is the long-term (H20) insoluble Fe storage form called? - ✔✔hemosiderin Excess Iron is stored where? What does this cause? - ✔✔tissues and body organs, hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis Porphyrias are attributed to? - ✔✔excessive formation of porphrins due to blockages in any enzymatic step in the heme synthesis pathway. Red or port wine colored urine can be seen in which condition related to the build up of heme precursors? - ✔✔porphyria Neuropsychiatirc symptoms are seen when a build up of which precursors occurs? - ✔✔early precursors (Delta-aminolevulinic acid/Porphobilinogen) Cutaneous symptoms such as photo-sensitivity and facial hair are seen when a build up of which precursors occurs? - ✔✔later precursors (uroporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen, protoporphyrin/heme) Synthesis of heme requires what two components? - ✔✔iron, protoporphyrin What are the heme precursors in order of synthesis? - ✔✔(1)delta-aminolevulinic acid, (2)porphobilinogen, (3)uroporphyrinogen, (4)coproporphyrinogen, (5)protoporphyrin, (6)heme What type of hemoglobin is seen primarily in newborns? - ✔✔Hgb F What type of hemoglobin is seen primarily in adults? - ✔✔Hgb A2 What type of hemoglobin is rarely seen in adults as well as newborns? - ✔✔Hgb A What hemoglobin types are seen in embryos but not in adults or newborns? - ✔✔gower I, gower II, portland All non-embryonic hemoglobin types are comprised of what type of globin chain? - ✔✔alpha Hemoglobin A2 is composed of what types of globin chains? - ✔✔alpha, beta Hemoglobin A is composed of what types of globin chains? - ✔✔alpha, delta Hemoglobin F is composed of what types of globin chains? - ✔✔alpha, gamma Multiple transfusions can cause what kind of shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔left shift An increase in hemoglobin F can cause what kind of shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔left shift A left shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve causes what changes in the following substances: CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG? - ✔✔increased pH, decreased CO2, decreased 2,3-DPG A right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve causes what changes in the following substances: CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG? - ✔✔decreased pH, increased CO2, increased 2,3-DPG How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant? - ✔✔it chelates Ca++ How does heparin work as an anticoagulant? - ✔✔it is an anti-thrombin agent Hemoglobin is measured by its conversion to what? By? - ✔✔cyanomethemoglobin, potassium cyanide, potassium ferricyanide What are potential sources of error in the measurement of hemoglobin? - ✔✔lipemia, icterus, high white count, resistant hemoglobins (SS, CC) What is the normal reference range of hemoglobin for males? - ✔✔14-18 g/dL What is the normal reference range of hemoglobin for females? - ✔✔12-16 g/dL Methemoglobin carries iron in what state? - ✔✔oxidized (Fe3+) What color is methemoglobin? - ✔✔brown True or False: Methemoglobin can bind O2. - ✔✔false What causes an increase in carboxyhemoglobin? - ✔✔smoking, carbon monoxide poisoning What color is carboxyhemoglobin? - ✔✔cherry red What does the hematocrit measure? - ✔✔packed cell volume in a percentage What are sources of error seen in using the microhematocrit method to measure the hematocrit? - ✔✔failure to seal tube adequately, incorrect reading due to uneven clay plug, inappropriate centrifuge specs, excess EDTA resulting in RBC shrinkage How is the hematocrit measured using automated methods? - ✔✔calculated from MCV and RBC What are sources of error seen in using the automated method to measure the hematocrit? - ✔✔cold agglutinins, high WBC cound What is the normal reference range for hematocrit of males? - ✔✔42-52% What is the normal reference range for hematocrit of females? - ✔✔37-47% What is the calculation used for manual cell counts? - ✔✔# of cells counted X 1/total volume X dilution factor What is the reference range for a WBC? - ✔✔5000-10000 ul What is the reference range for platelets? - ✔✔150 - 400 X 10^3 What is the reference range for MCV? - ✔✔80-100 fl What is the reference range for MCH? - ✔✔28-32 pg What is the reference range for MCHC? - ✔✔32-36% g/dl What is the reference range for RDW? - ✔✔11.5-14.5% The function of what cell is to transport O2 to tissues and remove CO2 from tissues? - ✔✔RBC The function of what cell is a phagocytic response to bacteria? - ✔✔neutrophil The function of what cell is in humoral and cell mediated immunity? - ✔✔lymphocyte The function of what cell is an inflammatory response mediator? - ✔✔basophil The function of what cell is an allergic response regulator? - ✔✔eosinophil The function of what cell is in clotting? - ✔✔platelet What are the dyes used in a Wright stain? - ✔✔eosin, methylene blue What is the pH of the phosphate buffer used in a Wright stain? - ✔✔6.4 What can cause a Wright stained slide to appear more blue? - ✔✔prolonged staining, pH too basic What can cause a Wright stained slide to appear more red? - ✔✔prolonged washing, pH too acidic Neutrophil counts are increased in what conditions? - ✔✔bacterial infections Lymphocyte counts are increased in what conditions? - ✔✔viral infections Monocyte counts are increased in what conditions? - ✔✔TB, syphilis, malignancies Eosinophil counts are increased in what conditions? - ✔✔allergies, parasites Basophil counts are increased in what conditions? - ✔✔immediate hypersensitivies Hyper-segmented neutrophils are associated with what condition(s)? - ✔✔pernicious anemia Hypo-segmented neutrophils are associated with what condition(s)? - ✔✔pelger huet, pseudo-pelger huet, AML, AIDS Toxic granulation and vacuoles are associated with what condition(s) - ✔✔bacterial infections, burns, chemotherapy Dohle bodies are associated with what condition(s)? - ✔✔bacterial infections, burns, May-Hegglin Variant lymphs (increased size and basophilia) are associated with what condition(s)? - ✔✔infectious mono, other viral infections Large to giant platelets are associa