Chapter Outline (Notes and figures adopted from Human Physiology 13th Edition by Stuart Ira Fox)
1.1 Introduction to Physiology
1.2 Homeostasis and Feedback Control
1.3 The Primary Tissue
1.4 Organs and Systems
1.1
...
Chapter Outline (Notes and figures adopted from Human Physiology 13th Edition by Stuart Ira Fox)
1.1 Introduction to Physiology
1.2 Homeostasis and Feedback Control
1.3 The Primary Tissue
1.4 Organs and Systems
1.1 Introduction to Physiology
• Physiology is the study of biological function; of how the body works.
– Concerned with the normal function of cells
– It emphasizes mechanisms – how it works.
– It explains mechanisms using cause and effect sequences.
– Data explaining these cause and effect sequences are derived from scientific experiments.
• ______________ is concerned with how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.
– Aids understanding of normal processes
• Comparative physiology is the study of the differences and similarities in the functions of
invertebrates and vertebrates.
– It has benefited the study of human physiology and has aided in the development of
pharmaceutical drugs.
The Scientific Method
• All that we know about physiology has been gained by application of the scientific method.
– Making observations; forming testable hypotheses; designing and conducting experiments
or making more observations; analyzing the data; replicating results many times before a
conclusion is accepted.
– Several verified hypotheses may become a general theory.
Measurements, Controls, and Statistics
• Good physiological research requires:
– Quantifiable measurements.
– An experimental group and a _____________________.
– Statistical analysis
– Review and publication by a peer-reviewed journal.
Developing Pharmaceuticals
• The development of new pharmaceutical drugs can serve as an example of how scientific method is
used in physiology and its health applications.
• Research often begins by studying the effects of a chemical on cells in vitro (in a culture dish).
• Next, studies are done in animals to see if the same effects occur in vivo (in a living creature) and if
there are any toxic side effects.
– Animal trials may take several years.
• Clinical trials in humans follow successful safety and efficacy studies in animals.
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