• Hemophilia pedigree- father has hemophilia, mother does not.
Outcome for kids?
His daughters would be carriers, this is x-linked recessive.
• X-linked dominant: an affected male will have 100% of his daughters
affe
...
• Hemophilia pedigree- father has hemophilia, mother does not.
Outcome for kids?
His daughters would be carriers, this is x-linked recessive.
• X-linked dominant: an affected male will have 100% of his daughters
affected and 0% of his sons.
• Pedigree chart: only one is autosomal dominant
Autosomal= males and females are EQUALLY affected.
Dominant= non carrier parents.
• Punnett square question: 4 squares w. drop down boxes, select the
correct answer for each one. They put the dead puppy in there to
throw you off!!!!!! Look instead at the three remaining puppies
Complete dominance: either 3 black and 1 white
Co-dominance: black, white, and 2 SPOTTED WITH BOTH
Incomplete dominance: black, white and 2 GREY
• PCR *** Know the steps of PCR*** one question asks about the
first step
Polymerase Chain Reaction= the process of copying DNA in the lab.
With PCR you need:
1. Template DNA
2. Nucleotides (dNTPS)
3. DNA polymerase
4. DNA primers
Steps of PCR
1. Denaturation (heated to 95C to separate it)
2. Annealing (reaction is cooled to 50C, primers stick to the
DNA that you want to copy and ADD DNA polymerase
3. ELONGATION (reaction heated to 70C and DNA
polymerase add nucleotides to building new DNA Strand
“Have An Éclair” à Heat Annealing Elongation
▪ For each round of PCR there are 2 created, continue to
multiply by 2
1x2=2 2x2=4 4x2=8 8x2= 16
o Ligase is NOT involved in PCR
o Remember the first step is denaturation / heating
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• Base Excision Repair, know about it
This is how you repair a mutation. Base excision repair is used to
repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules. You removed
the base that is damaged and replace it. DNA Glycosylase see’s the
damaged DNA and removes it. Then DNA polymerase puts the right
base back in while DNA ligase seals it back up. Boom all fixed.
• Base excision repair (BER) removes a single nucleotide!!!!!! Only
one base camp!
• Mismatch repair is the only one to occur during REPLICATION—
DURING THE PROOFREADING.
o During replication, DNA polymerase proofreads, but sometimes
a mismatch occurs. So MMR removes a LARGE section of the
nucleotides from the new DNA, DNA polymerase tries again.
o Know what damage MMR repairs in DNA: G-C A-T
• NucleoTIDE excision repair- TIDE like the beach, sun exposure---
UV damage repair
➢ A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the
damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It’s then
replaced by DNA polymerase.
• Homologous Recombination- repairs double stranded breaks—this is
a last ditch effort
✓ Repair is made using a copy of the other strand of DNA and
replacing it completely.
• Non Homologous Recombination- another double stranded break
repair
✓ The cells put the ends back together before making sure they are
correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/ insertions
(Frameshift mutations). This is the last ditch effort and the body
is willing to take that chance.
• Question about what DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA à
TRANSCRIPTION DNA takes the individual nucleotides and
matches them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a correct pair.
It must bind to RNA primer to work!
• DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication
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