General Chemistry Laboratories v2.5
Brigham Young University
Laboratory Workbook
Brian F. Woodfield
Matthew C. Asplund
Steven Haderlie
Publisher Information
Backside of Title Page
iii
Table of Contents
Overview
...
General Chemistry Laboratories v2.5
Brigham Young University
Laboratory Workbook
Brian F. Woodfield
Matthew C. Asplund
Steven Haderlie
Publisher Information
Backside of Title Page
iii
Table of Contents
Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 1
System Requirements........................................................................................................................... 3
Getting Started........................................................................................................................................ 5
Important Installation Notes and Issues...................................................................................... 7
Workbook Assignments ....................................................................................................................... 9
Atomic Theory
1-1 Thomson Cathode Ray Tube Experiment...................................................................................... 11
1-2 Millikan Oil Drop Experiment....................................................................................................... 13
1-3 Rutherford’s Backscattering Experiment....................................................................................... 17
1-4 Investigating the Properties of Alpha and Beta Particles............................................................... 21
1-5 Blackbody Radiation...................................................................................................................... 23
1-6 Photoelectric Effect........................................................................................................................ 27
1-7 The Rydberg Equation ................................................................................................................... 29
1-8 Atomic Emission Spectra............................................................................................................... 31
1-9 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle .................................................................................................. 33
1-10 Emission Spectra for Sodium and Mercury ................................................................................... 37
Reactions and Stoichiometry
2-1 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds.................................................................................... 39
2-2 Writing Balanced Precipitation Reactions ..................................................................................... 41
2-3 Strong and Weak Electrolytes........................................................................................................ 43
2-4 Precipitation Reactions .................................................................................................................. 45
2-5 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 47
2-6 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 49
2-7 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 51
2-8 Counting Molecules....................................................................................................................... 53
2-9 Counting Molecules....................................................................................................................... 55
2-10 Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons................................................................................... 57
2-11 Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons................................................................................... 59
2-12 Creating a Solution of Known Molality......................................................................................... 61
2-13 Creating a Solution of Known Molarity ........................................................................................ 63
2-14 Converting Concentrations to Different Units............................................................................... 65
Thermodynamics
3-1 Endothermic vs. Exothermic.......................................................................................................... 67
3-2 Enthalpy of Solution: NH4NO3 ..................................................................................................... 69
3-3 Specific Heat of Al ........................................................................................................................ 71
3-4 Specific Heat of Pb ........................................................................................................................ 73
3-5 Heat of Combustion: Chicken Fat.................................................................................................. 75
3-6 Heat of Combustion: Sugar............................................................................................................ 77
3-7 Heat of Combustion: TNT ............................................................................................................. 79
3-8 Heat of Formation: Ethanol ........................................................................................................... 81
3-9 Heat of Formation: Aspirin............................................................................................................ 83
3-10 Heat of Reaction: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ........................................................................................ 85
3-11 Heat of Reaction: MgO(s) + HCl(aq) ............................................................................................ 87
iv
3-12 Hess’s Law..................................................................................................................................... 89
3-13 The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy ................................................................................ 93
Colligative Properties
4-1 Heat of Fusion of Water................................................................................................................. 95
4-2 Heat of Vaporization of Water....................................................................................................... 97
4-3 The Boiling Point of Water at High Altitude................................................................................. 99
4-4 Boiling Point Elevation................................................................................................................ 101
4-5 Freezing Point Depression ........................................................................................................... 103
4-6 Molar Mass Determination by Boiling Point Elevation............................................................... 105
4-7 Molar Mass Determination by Freezing Point Depression.......................................................... 107
4-8 Changes in the Boiling Point ....................................................................................................... 109
Gas Properties
5-1 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume............................................................................................. 111
5-2 Charles’ Law: Temperature and Volume..................................................................................... 113
5-3 Avogadro’s Law: Moles and Volume.......................................................................................... 115
5-4 Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law.................................................................................................. 117
5-5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures................................................................................................ 119
5-6 Ideal vs. Real Gases ..................................................................................................................... 121
5-7 The Effect of Mass on Pressure ................................................................................................... 123
Acid-Base Chemistry
6-1 Acid-Base Classification of Salts................................................................................................. 125
6-2 Ranking Salt Solutions by pH...................................................................................................... 127
6-3 Concepts in Acid-Base Titrations ................................................................................................ 129
6-4 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 131
6-5 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 133
6-6 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 135
6-7 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids............................................................................................ 137
6-8 Acid-Base Titration: Practice...................................................................................................... 139
6-9 Acid-Base Titration: Unknown HCl ........................................................................................... 141
6-10 Study of Acid-Base Titrations – Monoprotic Acids .................................................................... 143
6-11 Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations .............................................................................................. 145
6-12 Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations .............................................................................................. 147
6-13 Weak Acid-Weak Base Titrations ............................................................................................... 149
6-14 Study of Acid-Base Titrations – Polyprotic Acids....................................................................... 151
6-15 Acid-Base Standardization........................................................................................................... 153
6-16 Analysis of Baking Soda.............................................................................................................. 155
Electrochemistry
7-1 Study of Oxidation-Reduction Titrations..................................................................................... 157
7-2 Standardization of a Permanganate Solution ............................................................................... 159
7-3 Analysis of a Ferrous Chloride Sample ....................................................................................... 161
Descriptive Chemistry
8-1 Flame Test for Metals .................................................................................................................. 163
8-2 Identification of Cations in Solution – Flame Tests .................................................................... 165
8-3 Identification of Cations in Solution – Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+.............................................................. 167
8-4 Identification of Cations in Solution – Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ .............................................................. 169
8-5 Identification of Cations in Solution – Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ..................................................... 171
v
8-6 Identification of Cations in Solution – Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ .............................................................. 173
Additional Assignments ................................................................................................................... 175
Titrations
Inert Salts .................................................................................................................................................. 177
Graphing Titration Data............................................................................................................................ 179
Activities................................................................................................................................................... 181
Indicators .................................................................................................................................................. 183
Buoyancy .................................................................................................................................................. 185
Glassware Calibration............................................................................................................................... 187
Gas Properties
Boyle’s Law: 1/Volume versus Pressure -1.............................................................................................. 189
Boyle’s Law: 1/Volume versus Pressure -2.............................................................................................. 191
Compressibility......................................................................................................................................... 193
Van der Waals Gases-1............................................................................................................................. 197
Van der Waals Gases-2............................................................................................................................. 199
Atomic Theory and Quantum Mechanics
Thomson ................................................................................................................................................... 203
Rutherford Backscattering ........................................................................................................................ 207
Photoelectric Effect-1 ............................................................................................................................... 211
Photoelectric Effect-2 ............................................................................................................................... 213
de Broglie-1 .............................................................................................................................................. 215
de Broglie-2 .............................................................................................................................................. 217
HCl Gas Absorbance................................................................................................................................. 219
I2 Gas Absorbance..................................................................................................................................... 221
Water Absorption...................................................................................................................................... 223
Raman Scattering...................................................................................................................................... 225
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