INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Scope and Methodology...............................................
...
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Scope and Methodology...................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Structure of the Gender Monograph .................................................................................... 2
1.3
Data Sources and Limitations.............................................................................................. 3
Definitions and Conceptual Framework............................................................................... 4
1.4
1.5
Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................... 9
GENDER AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS .......................................................................................... 9
2.1
Introduction: Caribbean Population Structure ...................................................................... 9
2.2
Gender Differentials in Population Size, Distribution and Growth...................................... 10
2.3
Population Growth and Sex Distribution ............................................................................ 15
2.4
Fertility, Mortality and Life Expectancy .............................................................................. 17
2.5
Household Headship ......................................................................................................... 21
2.6
Gender Differentials in Dependency Ratios....................................................................... 26
2.7
Conclusions and Policy Implications.................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................... 30
GENDER, EDUCATION AND TRAINING ........................................................................................... 30
3.1
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 30
3.2
Limitations of Census Data................................................................................................ 31
3.3
The Education Commitment .............................................................................................. 32
3.4
Access to Education .......................................................................................................... 34
3.4.1
Gross Enrolment at Primary and Secondary Levels .......................................................... 34
3.4.2
Highest educational level attained of population 14 years and over .................................. 39
3.4.3
Highest level of education attained by household heads................................................... 44
3.5
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 46
- vii -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues
CHAPTER 4: ................................................................................................... 48
MARITAL STATUS, RELIGION AND RACE....................................................................................... 48
4.1
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 48
4.2
Structure of the Chapter .................................................................................................... 52
4.3
Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 53
4.4
Household Composition .................................................................................................... 54
4.4.1
Union Status by Country and Sex 2001............................................................................. 54
4.4.2
Religion of Household Head by Country and by Sex 2001 ................................................ 57
4.4.3
Religion and Union Status of Household Head by Sex 2001............................................. 61
4.4.4
Race of Household Head by Country and by Sex, 2001.................................................... 66
4.5
Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 73
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................... 74
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND POVERTY............................................................................................. 74
5.1
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 74
5.2
Organisation of the Chapter............................................................................................... 75
The Economically Active Population.................................................................................. 77
5.3
5.4
Economically Inactive Population ...................................................................................... 78
5.4.1
Retirees ............................................................................................................................. 79
5.4.2
Home Duties...................................................................................................................... 80
Employment Status of Household Heads .......................................................................... 82
5.5
5.6
Differences in Labour Force Participation Rates of Household Heads .............................. 86
5.7
Employed Population by Country ...................................................................................... 92
5.8
Employed Population by Occupational Group ................................................................... 93
Employed Population by Country, Sex and Industry........................................................ 100
5.9
5.10
Household Heads as Recipients of Social Welfare Benefits by Country and Sex ........... 102
5.11
Self-employed Household Heads by Country, Sex and Workers Employed................... 104
5.12
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 105
CHAPTER 6 ...................................................................................................107
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSING ...................................................................... 107
6.1
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 107
6.2
Patterns of House Ownership and Rental........................................................................ 109
6.3
Quality of Housing Accessed........................................................................................... 113
6.3.1
Plumbing ......................................................................................................................... 113
6.3.2
Material of Outer Walls .................................................................................................... 119
6.4
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 120
- viii -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues
CHAPTER 7 ...................................................................................................122
GENDER AND VULNERABILITY ..................................................................................................... 122
7.1
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 122
7.2
Structure of the Chapter .................................................................................................. 122
7.3
Gender, HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean ......................................................................... 123
7.3.1
Background: HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean .................................................................. 123
7.3.2
Feminisation of HIV/AIDS................................................................................................ 124
7.3.3
Challenges in collecting data disaggregated by sex and age .......................................... 127
7.3.4
Vulnerable groups ........................................................................................................... 127
7.3.5
Rates of Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean......................................................... 129
7.3.6
Country-Specific Issues................................................................................................... 132
7.3.7
Regional Overview of HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean Region........................................ 136
Reducing Vulnerability..................................................................................................... 136
7.3.8
7.3.9
Key Milestones in Mainstreaming Gender in HIV and AIDS ............................................ 137
7.3.9.1 Gender Mainstreaming in the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS ................. 138
7.3.9.2 Other Inter-Agency Collaboration .................................................................................... 138
7.3.10
Understanding the Gender Dimensions of HIV and AIDS................................................ 139
7.4
Gender and Vulnerabilities: Persons with Disabilities (PWD) .......................................... 140
7.4.1
Literature review .............................................................................................................. 141
7.4.2
Gender Differentials among Household Heads with a Physical Disability........................ 145
7.5
Gender and Vulnerabilities: Climate Change And Natural Hazards................................. 147
7.5.1
Information from the Census ........................................................................................... 148
7.5.2
The Global Human Rights Framework............................................................................. 148
7.5.3
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction & Hyogo Framework of Action.................. 149
7.5.4
Caribbean Commitments to Gender Mainstreaming in Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Management.................................................................................................................... 150
7.5.4.1 Definitions........................................................................................................................ 151
7.5.4.2 Understanding the Linkages............................................................................................ 151
7.5.5
The High Cost of Disasters.............................................................................................. 153
7.6
Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................... 154
CHAPTER 8 ...................................................................................................155
Gender, Crime and Violence............................................................................................................. 155
8.1
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 155
8.2
Characteristics of crime and violence .............................................................................. 155
8.3
Occurrences of violent crime ........................................................................................... 158
8.4
Relationship between violent crime and Gender Based Violence.................................... 161
8.5
Consequences of Gender Based Violence...................................................................... 164
8.6
Policy implications ........................................................................................................... 165
8.7
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 166
- ix -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues
CHAPTER 9 ...................................................................................................168
GENDER AND GOVERNANCE........................................................................................................ 168
9.1
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 168
9.2
Concepts and Definitions................................................................................................. 168
9.3
Gender and Political Participation.................................................................................... 169
9.3.1
Factors Affecting Political Participation............................................................................ 173
9.3.2
Gender and Participation in Public Sector Senior Positions ............................................ 173
9.3.3
National Mechanisms for Promoting Gender Equality ..................................................... 173
9.3.4
Gender and Corporate Governance ................................................................................ 175
9.3.5
Gender and Economic Governance ................................................................................ 175
9.4
Civil society: Women’s organizations and the women’s movement................................. 176
9.5
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 176
CHAPTER 10 .................................................................................................178
SUMMARY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................... 178
10.1
Policy Implications ........................................................................................................... 178
10.1.1
Political Commitment....................................................................................................... 178
10.1.2
Demographic Changes.................................................................................................... 178
10.1.3
Gender and ageing.......................................................................................................... 179
10.1.4
Gender, Education and Training...................................................................................... 180
10.1.5
Gender, Union Status, Religion and Race ....................................................................... 181
10.1.6
Race and Ethnicity........................................................................................................... 182
10.1.7
The Economy .................................................................................................................. 182
10.1.8
Housing ........................................................................................................................... 183
10.1.9
Vulnerability..................................................................................................................... 183
10.1.10 Gender Crime and Violence ............................................................................................ 184
10.1.11 Gender and Governance ................................................................................................. 184
10.2
Use of the Gender Analytical Frameworks ...................................................................... 185
10.3
Emerging Gender Issues for the 21st Century................................................................. 185
10.3.1
Gender Equality Gap: Policy vs. Practice. ....................................................................... 186
10.3.2
Gender Mainstreaming: Progress and Limitations........................................................... 186
10.3.3
Gender and HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................................... 186
10.3.4
Gender Identities and Masculinities................................................................................. 187
10.3.5
Gender, Violence, Security and Justice........................................................................... 188
10.3.6
Gender, Poverty and Social Protection............................................................................ 189
10.3.7
Gender Equality in Governance....................................................................................... 189
10.3.8
Gender, Trade and Economic Development.................................................................... 190
10.3.9
Gender and Education..................................................................................................... 191
10.4
Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 191
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