Chp 1. Population Growth
World population today 7.4 B (Jan 2016) ≈
Annual increment decreases1990, Saturate at about 10 B.
SubSahara Africa: high growth rate of about 2.5%/year. C&S Asia:
already large populat
...
Chp 1. Population Growth
World population today 7.4 B (Jan 2016) ≈
Annual increment decreases1990, Saturate at about 10 B.
SubSahara Africa: high growth rate of about 2.5%/year. C&S Asia:
already large population. Small decrease in Europe.
The inverse of PD is the APP
1B in 1804, 2B in 1927, 4B in 1974, 8B in 2025–2030
Life expecancy is invesely proportional to fertility
Growth with Compound Interest after t years
N=
1+ r
n
¿nt
N0 ¿
or N= N0 ert
Exponential growth: Doubling Time (Rule of 70)>>rt=70
After doubling for n times >> S= 2k or S= 2k−1
Chp 2. Prime movers
- 1 manpower (animal and slaves) ~ 75 W = 75 J/s (0.1 hp)
Invention of machines Burning FF>Mechanical P<>Electrical P
Electric technology: Steam turbine Charles Parsons (electricityfossil fuel&nuclear plant); Engine/Machine:10horsepower steam
engine James Watt, Otto cycle fourstroke engine Nicolaus Otto,
Gottieb Daimler, Karl Benz, Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel, 1935 Jet
engine(intercontinental flights) Hans von Ohain Frank Whittle
Economic globalization: diesel engines power crude, LNG tankers,
bulk cargo vessels and container ships
Traditional: Human & animal power, wood, animal dung, etc. Thinly
and widely distributed with small quantities. Lower efficient utilization
|| Modern: Coal, oil, gas, hydro and nuclear, etc. Large scale, localized,
and mass production. Efficient, affordable, and reliable. Using machines
to convert the E into mechanical E, heat, and electricity etc.
Two grand transitionsIndustrial Revolution
Steam engines powered by coal
Diversification of E enduse technologies and E supply sources.
(Electricity>light, heat, motion, consumer electronics & ICE replaced
steam engines >mobility in cars, ships and aircrafts & Oil replaced coal
as the most dominant E source since 1970)
Mobile 60,000 kW747< Stationary 1,800,000 kWST
The high E density of the FF: commercial & industrial production,
heat, electricity and transportation. Apply scientific and
technological knowhow to build machines which run on fossil fuels to
serve us. (consumption: US>JPN>UK) || Pros & Cons: Availability of
food & Improved hygiene, growth of E consumption & population, env
impacts
Growth of Energy Consumption/ human impact = (P) • (A)•
technological inventions and productions (T)
PPP determine the relative value of different currencies.
100fold increase of daily energy consumption per capita
Machine power: power generated from machines powered by fossil
fuels Air pollution, global warming (CO2)
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