Infectious Disease
Pathogen
Drug Toxicity Patient
PharmacokineticsMechanism of Action
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
– Penicillins and cephalosporins
• RNA or DNA synthesis inhibitors
– Rifampin and Fluoroquinol
...
Infectious Disease
Pathogen
Drug Toxicity Patient
PharmacokineticsMechanism of Action
• Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
– Penicillins and cephalosporins
• RNA or DNA synthesis inhibitors
– Rifampin and Fluoroquinolones
• Protein synthesis inhibitors
– Tetracycline and Macrolides
• Antimetabolites
– SulfonamidesGeneral Approach to Therapy
• Prophylactic Therapy
– Antibiotics used to prevent an infection that has not yet occurred
– Example: Abdominal surgery
• Empiric Therapy
– Antibiotics used to treat a known/suspected infections where the
organism is not known
– Example: Urinary tract infections
• Definitive/Directed Therapy
– Antibiotics used after culture and sensitivity known
– Narrowing therapy from 3 antibiotics to one in a patient with hospital
acquired pneumoniaGuidelines
• Make sure antibiotics are only being used for
an approved indication
• Use the most narrow spectrum agent
appropriate for the patient’s infection
• Use the proper dose
• Use the shortest effective duration of therapyAntibiotic Selection
• Effectiveness against the pathogen
• Site of infection
– Can the antibiotic get to the site of infection
• Host defenses
– Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
• Allergy
• Patient variables
– Age
– Pregnancy
– Genetic variations in metabolismAntimicrobial ResistanceBad Bugs, No Drugs
As Antibiotic Discovery Stagnates . . . A Public Health Crisis BrewsAntimicrobial Resistance
• Bacteria possess many mechanisms for antibiotic
resistance
• Selection of resistance can occur during treatment
• Importance of the right drug, dose and
streamlining/discontinuation of antibiotics as soon as
possible
• ↑ in resistance nationwide, ↓ in antibiotics
developmentProblematic Resistant Organisms
• Gram-positives
– Multiple Drug Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA)
– Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
– Drug resistant Strep pneumoniae
• Gram-negatives
– Fluoroquinolone resistance
– β-lactams
• Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)
• Carbapenemases
– Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Multiple mechanisms Classification of AntibioticsClassification of Antibiotics
• Beta-Lactams
– Penicillins
– Cephalosporins
– Carbapenems
– Monobactams
• Glycopeptides
• Aminoglycosides
• Fluoroquinolones
• Macrolides
• Tetracyclines
• Miscellaneous
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