TCDHA Anatomy & Physiology Test 3

TCDHA Anatomy & Physiology Test 3 four main divisions of the brain? - ✔✔Cerebrum, diencelphalon,cerebellum,brain stem What is the largest part of the brain? - ✔✔Cerebrum The cerebrum is divided into _____&_____ hemisp ...

TCDHA Anatomy & Physiology Test 3 four main divisions of the brain? - ✔✔Cerebrum, diencelphalon,cerebellum,brain stem What is the largest part of the brain? - ✔✔Cerebrum The cerebrum is divided into _____&_____ hemispheres? - ✔✔right & left Which side of the body does the right hemisphere control? - ✔✔Left What two structures protect the brain and spinal cord? - ✔✔mennings, CSF what are the channels formed where the dura mater divides into two layers? - ✔✔dural sinuses How many layers of menings are there? - ✔✔3 what are the names of the three layers of the menings from the outermost to the innermost? - ✔✔dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater which division of the brain is physically connected to the spinal cord - ✔✔Brain stem Which pard of the brain stem contains relay centers for eye and ear reflexes? - ✔✔midbrain where is CSF produced? - ✔✔choroid plexus within all four ventricles What does the corpus callosum do? - ✔✔bridges right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum permitting impulses to cross from one side to the other what are the two main portion of the diencephalon? - ✔✔thalamus, hypothalamus which structure controls autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland? - ✔✔hypothalamus 3 parts of the cerebellum? - ✔✔cermis, left and right hemispheres functions of cerebellum? - ✔✔coordinate voluntary muscles, balance, muscle tone. which is not a function of the cerebellum? - ✔✔initiating movement What two structures is the limbic system located between? - ✔✔Diencephalon and cerebrum what are the names of the three coordinating neurons networks that involve multiple regions of the brain - ✔✔limbic system, basal nuclei, reticular formation function of limbic system? - ✔✔initiates hunger, aggression, emotional feelings and sexual arousal. function of the basal ganglia network? - ✔✔controls complex patters of body movement (writing ABC's) what two degenerative diseases can result from damage to the basal nuclei network? - ✔✔parkingson and huntington disease functions of the reticular formation network? - ✔✔awareness and screens out unnecessary sensory stimuli such as traffic noise allowing a cars horn to be heard what type of hematoma forms outside the dura master? - ✔✔Epidural hematoma what type of hematoma forms below the dura mater? - ✔✔subdural hematoma which system is suggestive of alzheimer disease? - ✔✔memory loss what is the lay term for Cerebrovascular accident? - ✔✔stroke what does the term neuralgia mean? - ✔✔nerve pain what is bell palsy? - ✔✔paralysis of the facial muscles on one side of the face. which cranial nerve is affected by trigeminal neuralgia? - ✔✔trigeminal nerve(V) quadriplegia? - ✔✔paralysis of all four limbs huntington disease - ✔✔inherited disorder characterized by purposeless ALS - ✔✔destroyed motor neurons causing atrophy, loss of motor control neuritis - ✔✔inflamation of a nerve hemiplegia - ✔✔paralysis of one side of the body paraplegia - ✔✔paralysis of both lower limbs neuropathy - ✔✔any nerve disease multiple sclerosis - ✔✔myelin sheath degeneration; slowed nerve impulse conduction monoplegia - ✔✔paralysis of one limb poliomyelitis - ✔✔viral disease; common in children, causing paralysis sciatica - ✔✔severe pain in leg often caused by ruptured lumbar disk gullain-barre - ✔✔loss of myelin causing weakness, numbness; occurs after a viral infection alzheimer disease - ✔✔degenerative, cahracterized by dementia encephalitis - ✔✔inflammation of the brain epilepsy - ✔✔characterized by seizures, abnormal electical activity in the brain stroke - ✔✔commonly caused blood clot that blocks blood flow to the brain parkinson disease - ✔✔causes tremors, impaired balanace, slow movement hydrocephalus - ✔✔abnormal CSF accumulation in brain neuritis - ✔✔inflamation of the nerve meningitis - ✔✔inflammation of the coverings of the brain, spinal cord Gullain-Barre - ✔✔loss of myelin causing weakness, numbness; occurs after a viral infection (|)Olfactory cranial nerve - ✔✔SENSORY. impulses from receptor in nasal mucosa to brain (||)optic cranial nerve - ✔✔SENSORY. carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain (|||)oculomotorcranial nerve - ✔✔MOTOR. contraction of eye (|V) trochlear cranial nerve - ✔✔MOTOR. supplies one eyeball muscle (V) trigeminal cranial nerve - ✔✔sensory nerve of face head and teeth. 3 branches transport sense from eye uper and lower jaw. Chewing movement (V|) abducens cranial nerve - ✔✔MOTOR.sends impulses to an eye ball muscle (V||) facial cranial nerve - ✔✔facial expression movements, some taste sensation (V|||) vestibulocochlear cranial nerve - ✔✔SENSORY. carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium from inner ear (|X) glossopharyngeal cranial nerve - ✔✔carries impulses from the tongue, pharynx. controls swallowing, stimulates parotid. (X) vagus - ✔✔longest cranial nerve; supplies most organs in thoracic,abdominal cavities. motor impulses to larynx, pharynx (X|) accessory - ✔✔MOTOR. controls muscle to neck and larynx (X||) Hypoglossal - ✔✔MOTOR. controls tongue muscle what is a sensory receptor? - ✔✔Part of nervous system that detects a stimulus Chemoreceptors - ✔✔taste and smell photoreceptors - ✔✔retina of eye to light thermoreceptors - ✔✔temperature change - many in skin mechanoreceptors - ✔✔respond to movement What happens when a sensory receptor adapts to a stimulus? - ✔✔Becomes unaware of the sensation What are five structures that protect the eye? - ✔✔Skull bones, conjuntiva, lacrimal gland/tears, eyelids/eyebrow/eyelashes What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles? - ✔✔Apply convergence Which cranial nerve carries impulses from the retina to the brain? - ✔✔optic The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is the? - ✔✔Choroid What characteristics are used in naming the extrinsic eye muscles? - ✔✔Location and direction of muscle fiber What are the three tunics of the eyeball? - ✔✔Sclera, choroid, retina What are the structures that refract light as it passes through the eye? - ✔✔Cornea, aquaeous humor, lens, vitreous body What is the function of the ciliary muscle? - ✔✔relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing What is the function of the iris? - ✔✔Regulate amt of light entering pupil What are the receptor cells of the retina? - ✔✔Rods & cones What are four errors of refraction? - ✔✔Myopia, hypropia, presbyopia, astigmatism What is cloudiness of the lens called? - ✔✔cataracts What disorder is caused by excess fluid pressure in the eye? - ✔✔glaucoma What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear? - ✔✔Tympanic membrane What are the two types of hearing loss? - ✔✔conductive hearing loss, sensorneural HL What is the term for an abnormal sensation of spinning? - ✔✔Vertigo The ear ossicle that is in contact with the tympanic membrane is the? - ✔✔Malleus What are the special senses that respond to chemical stimuli? - ✔✔Taste & smell What are the five basic tastes? - ✔✔Sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour Where are the taste receptors for sweet? - ✔✔anterior of tongue, fungiform papilla Where are the taste receptors for sour - ✔✔lateral borders of tongue Where are the taste receptors for bitter - ✔✔circumvalate papilla posterior of tongue what is the term for 'sense of taste'? - ✔✔gustation Which two cranial nerves carry impulses from the tongue to the brain? - ✔✔Facial & glossopharyngeal Where are the olfactory receptors located and what sense do they detect? - ✔✔Nasal cavity, sense of smell What is a propioceptor? - ✔✔receptor from within the body, reponds to position & movement. In muscles, joints & tendons Where is the origin of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? - ✔✔Bones of the orbit Where is the insertion of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? - ✔✔sclera What are the two divisions of the nervous system ? - ✔✔CNS, PNS Which division of the PNS is voluntary and controls skeletal muscles? - ✔✔somatic Which division is involuntary and controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? - ✔✔ANS Which division of the nervous system exclusively controls skeletal muscles? - ✔✔Somatic nervous system What is the name of the neuron fiber that carries impulses toward the cell body? - ✔✔dendrites What is the name of the fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body? - ✔✔Axons What color describes myelinated fibers? - ✔✔white What color describes the nervous system's unmyelinated tissue? - ✔✔gray What name is given to nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS? - ✔✔sensory What name is given to nerves that transport away from the CNS? - ✔✔motor What is a nerve? - ✔✔Fiber bundle in the PNS What is a tract? - ✔✔Fiber bundle in the CNS Which fibers conduct impulses away from the cell body? - ✔✔axons What is the name of the nervous system's nonconducting cells, which protect, nourish, and support the neurons? - ✔✔Glial cells Which of the following is NOT an example of a neuroglial cell? - ✔✔Neuron What are the two stages of an action potential, and what happens during each? - ✔✔Rising phase, Na+ enters cell & falling phase K+ leaves cell What ions are involved in generating an action potential? - ✔✔Na+ & K+ How does the myelin sheath affect conduction along an axon? - ✔✔Prevents conduction, spark jumps node to node What is the junction between two neurons called? - ✔✔synapse As a group, what are all the chemicals that carry information across the synaptic cleft called? - ✔✔neurotransmitters Potassium channels open during the falling phase in the action potential to cause membrane? - ✔✔Repolarization How are the gray and white matter arranged in the spinal cord? - ✔✔Gray like an H surrounded by white What is the purpose of the tracts in the spinal cord's white matter? - ✔✔To transmit sensory and motor impulses to & from the brain What fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord? - ✔✔Cerebrospinal fluid How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? - ✔✔31 What types of fibers are in a spinal nerve's dorsal root? - ✔✔sensory What types of fibers are in spinal cord ventral root? - ✔✔motor What is the term for a network of spinal nerves? - ✔✔plexus The phrenic nerve arises from the: - ✔✔cervical plexus What is the name for a pathway through the nervous system from a stimulus to an effector? - ✔✔Reflex arc What is the correct order of impulse conduction through a reflex arc? - ✔✔Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron (CNS), motor neuron, effector How many neurons are there in each motor pathway of the ANS? - ✔✔2 Which division of the ANS stimulates a stress response? - ✔✔sympathetic Which division reverses the stress response? - ✔✔parasympathetic Which of the following is NOT an action of the sympathetic nervous system? - ✔✔Stimulation of skeletal muscle What term is used for any disorder of the nerves? - ✔✔Neuropathy What is the meaning of the word root plegia? - ✔✔paralysis Ms. L has been experiencing muscle weakness. Her physician informs her that she has abnormal antibodies attacking the myelin sheath around neurons in her central nervous system. The most likely diagnosis is: - ✔✔Multiple sclerosis