Formulas / ATPL theory summary
All you need to know for the licence
(Rob Groothuis)
Index ATPL
Page 2 to 2 Handy formulas / guidelines general
Page 3 to 14 Formulas all subjects
Page 15 to 18 General naviga
...
Formulas / ATPL theory summary
All you need to know for the licence
(Rob Groothuis)
Index ATPL
Page 2 to 2 Handy formulas / guidelines general
Page 3 to 14 Formulas all subjects
Page 15 to 18 General navigation
Page 19 to 26 Meteorology
Page 27 to 31 Instrumentation
Page 32 to 33 Communications VFR / IFR
Page 34 to 34 Mass and balance
Page 35 to 36 Flight planning
Page 37 to 41 Human performance & limitations
Page 42 to 45 Radio navigation
Page 46 to 48 Principles of flight
Page 49 to 56 Aviation law
Page 57 to 57 Operational procedures
Page 58 to 59 Performance
Page 60 to 60 Aircraft general knowledge
Handy formulas/guidelines general
**PUSH THE HEAD AND PULL THE TAIL** intercepting NDB QDR/QDM
glidepath height ( ft) glidepath angle distance (ft) ≈ (300 ft/nm)
60
rate of descent (ft/min): GS x 5 = 3° glide path
climb gradient =
glide path in ° =
rate of c lim b 6000
TAS 6080
...% x 60
100
angle of bank in rate 1 turn =
TAS + 7 (approximation)
10
radius of turn (NM) =
radius of turn (m) =
TAS
rate 60
V 2 (m / s)
’’n’’ (load factor) =
10 tan bankangle
1
cos bankangle
= VStall increasing factor
IAS (position/instrument error) RAS/CAS (compressibility) EAS (density) TAS
EAS = x TAS (example: relative density = ¼ at 40000 ft)
VOR’s variation at station / NDB’s variation at aircraft. relative bearing + true heading = true bearing
QDR + var. = QTE (QDR = magnetic from station / QTE = true from station)
QDM ± 180° = QDR (radial) / QDM = ’’bearings on the RMI’’ (QDR = magnetic to)
LSS (kt) =
38,94
[273°K = 0°C]
LSS = 661 kt (at sea level at ISA temp.= 288 k) LSS = 573 kt (ISA tropopause temp.= 216,5 k)
mach no. TAS
LSS
ATPL formulas – General navigation
departure (E/W) in NM = Δ longitude (in minutes) x cosine latitude (earth) convergency = Δ longitude x sine mean latitude
conversion angle = ½ x convergency
northern hemisphere
rumbline great circle
southern hemisphere great circle
rumbline
Mercator projection; scale = scale x or ÷ cosine Δ latitude ( x from equator / ÷ to equator)
simple conic / Lamberts projection
(chart) convergency = Δ longitude x sine latitude (or parallel of origin / constant of the cone)
Polar stereographic
(chart) convergency = Δ longitude east
east
(grid navigation) convergence = Δ longitude from datum meridian (grid navigation) grivation = variation + convergence
glidepath angle
glidepath height
distance (ft) ≈ (300 ft/nm)
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