WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
CAUSES? – Commonly caused by obstruction of appendiceal lumen by a fecalith (a stone made
of feces)
WHO IS AT RISK? – People under 45 with the peak ages being 10-19
...
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
CAUSES? – Commonly caused by obstruction of appendiceal lumen by a fecalith (a stone made
of feces)
WHO IS AT RISK? – People under 45 with the peak ages being 10-19 years old; it affects more
men than women
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS- Right lower abdominal pain, nausea, occasionally diarrhea
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
WHAT IS IT? – Disorder of the upper GI tract by action of hydrochloric acid and pesin
CAUSES? – H. Pylori (75% of cases with duodenal ulcers and 60% of those with
stomach/gastric ulcers), NSAIDS, excess secretion of acid, stress
WHERE IS IT FOUND? – stomach, and duodenum (usually proximal duodenum)
MECHANISM – Uncertain
GALLSTONES: CHOLELITHIASIS
WHAT IS IT? – Stones in the gallbladder/ ducts
RISK FACTORS? – Women 2x more than men, obesity, rapid weight loss
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – many asymptomatic, when they obstruct the cystic duct it leads to severe
upper right quadrant pain
Pain can radiate to back and cause nausea, vomiting, sweating, and flatus (gas)
HIATAL HERNIA:
WHAT IS IT? – A defect in the diaphragm allowing part of the stomach to pass through into the
thorax
CAUSES? – Associated with conditions that increase intrabdominal pressure such as ascites,
pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia
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PANCREATITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – inflammation of the pancreas
CAUSES? – Biliary tract disease, hypertriglyceridemia, ethanol associated (drink, drank, drunk)
66% of all first cases are caused by alcoholism
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONS- Steady boring pain in epigastrium or left upper right
quadrant which gradually intensifies
May radiate or penetrate to back, nausea, vomiting, fever, decreased bowel sounds
TREATMENT? – NPO, Nasogastric tube to suction, IV fluids, and analgesics, Avoid alcohol
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and
sometimes other layers
CAUSES? – Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible,
mediated by bacterial toxins
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONS – Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever,
leukocytosis
TREATMENTS – Antibiotics, fecal transplant, or colectomy
HEPATITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the liver
3 MAJOR TYPES:
Hep A – spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper
quadrant pain
Hep B – Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant
hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer
Hep C – spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular
cancer
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