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Physiology > EXAM > Physiology Exam 1 SG (All)

Physiology Exam 1 SG

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CHAPTER 1: Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology Structural Characteristics  Physiology = study of how living organisms function o Hierarchy of structural organization  Atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organism o Integrated physiological function  Understanding how changes in function at each level lead to a whole-body response o Interrelationships between structure & function  Cell division  Multiplication of cells  Only a spherical mass of identical cells without cell differentiation  Cell differentiation  Unspecialized cell > specialized cell  200 distinct kinds of cells in the body  Classified in broad types of function o Muscle cells o Neurons o Epithelial cells o Connective tissue cells  Tissues o Muscle tissue and cells  Function  Mechanical force generation  Types  Skeletal o Voluntary  Cardiac o Involuntary o Found only in the heart  Smooth o Involuntary o Make up walls of tubes in the body (blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, etc.) o Contraction helps to move substances along  Differ in shape, mechanisms controlling contractile activity, and in location in various organs o Nervous tissue and neurons  Function  Communication via generation of electrical signals o A neuron signal may signal other neurons or it may stimulate a gland cell to secrete substances o Epithelial tissue and cells  Function  Barrier: coverings of internal & external surfaces o Compartmentalization o Structures  Basement membrane: protein layer of which the epithelial cells rest on, anchoring the tissue  Basolateral side: side of cell anchored to basement membrane  Apical (luminal) side: side of cell that faces the interior of a structure  Tight junctions  Selective barriers  Regulate exchange of molecules  Selective secretion & absorption of ions & organic molecules  Protection  Type of epithelium (simple or stratified) that forms a region reflects the function of that epithelium o Connective tissue and cells  Function  “Connect”, anchor, & support different parts of the body  Formation of extracellular matrix o Collagen fibers and elastin (protein) fibers, polysaccharides o Provides scaffolding for cellular attachments o Cell signaling  Types  Tendons, ligaments, blood, bone, cartilage, & adipose tissue  Organs: discrete structure that performs a specific function o 2+ types of tissue  Often comprised of all 4 cell/tissue types  Arranged in sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, & strips o Functional unit: “working unit” of an organ  Smaller, similar subunits to the organ  EX: nephrons in kidneys  Organ system: several organs working together t

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