CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship among them
Physiology – The science of body functions – how body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their
...
CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship among them
Physiology – The science of body functions – how body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules
atoms → smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals)
- smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human body
Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste, makes vit D, detects sensations (warmth,
pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses
cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities, detects changes in bodys internal and external
environment, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine
gland to target organ)
Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wasteaway from cells, regulates acid-base balance, temp and water content of body fluids, blood helps defend against disease
and repairs damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System and immunity
- COMPONENTS → lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune
responses)
- FUNCTIONS → returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood, site for B and T cell
maturation (protect against disease causing microbes)
Respiratoy System
- COMPONENTS → lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
- FUNCTIONS → transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 vice versa, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids,
produces sound through vocal cords
Digestive System
- COMPONENTS → organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, anus) and
accessory organs that assist in digestion (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
- FUNCTIONS → physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system
- COMPONENTS → kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- FUNCTIONS → produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition
of blood, maintains acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, regulates production of red blood
cells
Reproductive Systems
- COMPONENTS → gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands,
male: epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis)
- FUNCTIONS → gonads produce gametes (sperm/oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonads release hormones
that regulate reproduction, associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk
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